出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/12/19 04:45:52」(JST)
Bury | |
Bury Town Hall |
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Bury
Bury shown within Greater Manchester
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Population | 55,856 |
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OS grid reference | SD805105 |
Metropolitan borough | Bury |
Metropolitan county | Greater Manchester |
Region | North West |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | BURY |
Postcode district | BL9 & BL8 & BL0 |
Dialling code | 0161/01706/01204 |
Police | Greater Manchester |
Fire | Greater Manchester |
Ambulance | North West |
EU Parliament | North West England |
UK Parliament | Bury North |
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Coordinates: 53°35′35″N 2°17′53″W / 53.593°N 2.298°W / 53.593; -2.298
Bury (/ˈbɛri/, locally also /ˈbʊrɪ/) is a town in Greater Manchester, England,[1] on the River Irwell, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) east of Bolton, 5.9 miles (9.5 km) west-southwest of Rochdale, and 7.9 miles (12.7 km) north-northwest of Manchester. Bury is the largest settlement and administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury and in 2011 had a population of 55,856.
Historically part of Lancashire, Bury emerged in the Industrial Revolution as a mill town manufacturing textiles.
Bury is known for the open-air Bury Market and the local traditional dish, black pudding. The Manchester Metrolink tram system terminates in the town.
Bury resident Sir Robert Peel was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founded the Metropolitan Police Service and Conservative Party. The Peel Memorial is outside Bury parish church and the Peel Monument stands on Holcombe Hill overlooking Ramsbottom.
The name Bury, (also earlier known as "Buri" and "Byri") comes from an Old English word, meaning "castle", "stronghold" or "fort", an early form of modern English borough.[2]
Bury was formed around the ancient market place but even prior to this there is evidence of activity dating back to the period of Roman occupation. Bury Museum has a Roman Urn containing a number of small bronze coins dated for AD 253–282 and found north of what is now the town centre.[3] Under Agricola the road building programme included a route from the fort at Manchester (Mamucium) to the fort at Ribchester (Bremetennacum) that ran through Radcliffe and Affetside. The modern Watling Street, that serves the Seddons Farm estate on the west side of town, follows the approximate line of the route.
The most imposing early building in the town would have been Bury Castle,[4][5] a medieval fortified manor house. The castle was built in 1469 by Sir Thomas Pilkington, lord of the manors of Pilkington and Bury and a powerful member of Lancashire's gentry. It sat in a good defensive position on high ground overlooking the Irwell Valley. At that time the Pilkingtons had been lords of Bury for nearly a century, having inherited the manor from a family named de Bury.[citation needed]
The Pilkington family suffered badly in the Wars of the Roses when, despite the geography they supported the House of York. When Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth, in 1485, Thomas Pilkington was captured and later executed. The outcome of the battle was that the Duke of Richmond, representing the House of Lancaster was crowned Henry VII by Sir William Stanley. As a reward for the support of his family Thomas Stanley was created Earl of Derby and amongst other land the confiscated Pilkington estate in Bury was presented to him.[3]
The ancestral home of the Earls of Derby is Knowsley Hall on the outskirts of Liverpool. The family maintains a connection with Bury in various ways—the Derby High School is named after them. When the school opened in 1959 the Earl of Derby was patron and the school's badge is based on the Earl's coat of arms.
For many years the castle remains were buried beneath the streets outside the Castle Armoury. From time to time it was the subject of archaeological excavations. These established that there was an earlier manor house on the site. In 2000 the castle site was properly excavated as a focal point in the town centre. The remains of the old walls are now displayed in Castle Square.
Between 1801 and 1830 the population of the town more than doubled from 7,072 to 15,086. This was the time when the factories, mines and foundries began to dominate the landscape with their spinning machines and steam engines.
Probate evidence from the 17th century and the remains of 18th century weavers' cottages in Elton, on the west side of Bury, indicate that domestic textile production was an important factor of the local economy at a time when Bury's textile industry was dominated by woollens and based upon the domestic production of yarn and cloth as well as water-powered fulling mills.[6][7]
Development was swift in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The establishment of Brooksbottom Mill, in Summerseat north of the town, as a calico printing works in 1773 by the family of Sir Robert Peel marked the beginning of the cotton industry in Bury. By the early 19th century cotton was the predominant textile industry with the River Roch and River Irwell providing power for spinning mills and processing water for the finishing trades. Development was further promoted when the town was linked to the national canal network by the Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal, fully opened in 1808. The canal is provided with water from Elton Reservoir, fed by aqueducts from a weir on the River Irwell, north of what is now the Burrs Country Park. The Burrs is also the site of another mill developed by the Peel family, first founded in 1790. The remains are displayed for the public. There were seven cotton mills in Bury by 1818 and the population grew from 9,152 in 1801 to 58,029 in 1901.
Following this, railways were opened, linking the town from Bury Bolton Street railway station to Manchester, Radcliffe, Rawtenstall and Accrington and from the old Knowsley Street railway station to the neighbouring mill towns of Bolton, Heywood and Rochdale. As well as the many cotton mills other industries which thrived included paper–making, calico printing and some light engineering. The town expanded to incorporate the former townships of Elton, Walmersley and Heap and rows of terraced housing encircled the town centre by the turn of the 19th century. Districts such as Freetown, Fishpool and Pimhole were transformed from farmers' fields to rows of terraced housing, beside the factories and mills.
The houses were of the most limited kind without basic facilities, sewers or proper streets. The result was the rapid spread of disease and high mortality rates in crowded areas. In 1838 out of 1,058 working-class houses in Bury investigated by the Manchester Statistical Society 733 had 3–4 people in each bed, 207 had 4–5, and 76 had 5–6.[8] Social reformers locally and nationally were concerned about such issues, including Edwin Chadwick. One report that prepared the ground for the reform of public health matters, commissioned by then Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, asked local doctors for information. King Street, Bury was highlighted. It had 10 houses, each with one bedroom, and a population of 69. The average age of death in Bury was 13.8 years. Towns like Bury were likened to 'camps'[9] where newcomers sought work in mill, mine or forge. Many, often from Ireland, found shelter in lodging houses. 38 in Bury were surveyed.[10] 73% had men and women sharing beds indiscriminately, 81% were filthy and the average was 5.5 persons to a bed.
Although Bury had few of the classic late 19th century spinning mills that were such a feature of other Lancashire towns a group, known as Peel Mills, are still in use at Castlecroft Road, immediately north of the town centre, their name another reminder of the link with the Peel family.
According to writer Geoffrey Moorhouse, a history of Bury is not complete without reference to its role as the regimental town of the Lancashire Fusiliers.[11]
In 1688 Prince William of Orange (later King William III) landed at Brixham, Devon. He was met by a number of noblemen who were then commissioned to raise Regiments to help him oppose James II. Colonel Sir Robert Peyton raised a Regiment containing six independent companies in the Exeter area. This Regiment evolved to become the Lancashire Fusiliers: following successful recruiting a Regimental Depot was established at Wellington Barracks in 1881.[12]
In the post-war period, there was a major decline in the cotton industry, and in common with many neighbouring towns, Bury's skyline was soon very different, with countless factory chimneys being pulled down and the associated mills closing their doors for ever. The old shopping area around Princess Street and Union Square was demolished in the late 1960s, and a concrete precinct emerged to replace it. This development was replaced by the Mill Gate Shopping Centre in the late 1990s.
In 2010 a £350m large shopping area opened up around the Rock. The main street is populated mainly by independent shops and food outlets. At the top end of the street, however, is a modern shopping area. It has a multi screen cinema, bowling alley and department stores including Marks & Spencer, Debenhams, Boots UK, Clarks, Poundland, The Body Shop and Warren James Jewellers.
Bury has also benefited from other facilities in the early 2010s including a new medical centre and office accommodation close to Bury Town Hall. Bury is competing as a destination with Bolton and Rochdale. A decision by Marks and Spencer to vacate its store in the Mill Gate Shopping Centre and move into a large new one on the Rock emphasised a change in the makeup of the town.
The town centre is still famous for its traditional market, with its "world famous" black pudding stalls. Bury Market was also once famous for its tripe, although this has declined in the past few decades. The Bury Black Pudding Co provides black pudding to retailers such as Harrods as well as supermarkets and the Market is a haven for people from all over Greater Manchester and beyond. The last 30 years have seen the town developing into an important commuter town for neighbouring Manchester. Large scale housing development has taken place around Unsworth, Redvales, Sunnybank, Brandlesholme, Limefield, Chesham and Elton. The old railway line to Manchester Victoria closed in 1990, and was replaced by the light rapid transit system Metrolink in 1992. The town was also linked to the M66 motorway network, opening in 1978, accessed from the east side of the town.
In terms of local administration the town was originally a parish, then a select vestry, first with a board of guardians for the poor. Improvement commissioners were added before full borough status was granted. The borough charter was received in 1876 and by 1889 this was raised to that of a county borough of Lancashire.
The coat of arms was granted in 1877 and the symbols represent local industry. In the quarters are representations of the anvil, for forging, the golden fleece, for wool, a pair of crossed shuttles, for the cotton industry and a papyrus plant for the paper trade. Above them is a closed visor capped by a mayfly and two red roses. The motto "Vincit Omnia Industria" means "work conquers all".
With the passage of the Local Government Act 1972, Bury merged with the neighbouring municipal boroughs of Radcliffe and Prestwich, together with the urban districts of Whitefield, Tottington and Ramsbottom to become the Metropolitan Borough of Bury in 1974. This borough is part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. On 3 July 2008 there was a referendum across the borough to decide whether the borough should be ruled by a directly elected mayor. The proposal was rejected by the voters.[13]
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Bury is located on the edge of the western Pennines in North West England in the northern part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area. The River Irwell flows through the town and this position has proved important in its history and development. Flowing from north to south the river effectively divides the town into two parts on the east and west sides of the valley respectively. The town centre sits close to and above the river on the east side. Bury Bridge is a key bridging point linking the east side of town and the town centre to the western suburbs and Bolton beyond. Other bridges across the river are limited—there is one at Radcliffe Road to the south and at Summerseat to the north. There is also a bridge at the Burrs but this serves a cul-de-sac and does not allow full east–west access. To the south the main tributary, the River Roch, flowing from the east, joins the Irwell close to another significant bridging point, Blackford bridge. This carries the main route south, now the A56, towards Manchester.
Bury experiences a warm Temperate climate due to the warm summers and cool winters from the shielding effect from the Western Pennine Moors. Summer is the driest time of the year with low amount of rainfall. Bury rarely experiences temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F), due to Oceanic north eastern winds. In summer temperature is warm and Bury does experience a lot of sun, due to summer being the driest season. The winters are cool and temperatures can drop below freezing occasionally from December to March. There is not much extreme weather in Bury, floods are seen rarely since Bury is higher ground, normally most floods are seen in Ramsbottom. Thunderstorms happen mostly in early summer with lots of amounts of rain.
The market town was first mentioned as a parish in AD 962. For purposes of the Office for National Statistics, Bury is part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area.
The town of Bury has a total population of 60,718, whereas the wider Metropolitan Borough has a population of 183,200.[15][16]
Population growth in Bury since 1901 | ||||||||||||||
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Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1839 | 1851 | 1881 | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1951 | 1961 |
Population | 19,915 | 24,986 | 30,655 | 42,305 | 55,577 | 63,803 | 39,238 | 41,038 | 58,029 | 58,648 | 56,403 | 56,182 | 58,838 | 60,149 |
Source: Vision of Britain[17] |
Attractions in Bury include:
Bury is home to several fine sculptures and pieces of public art. Edward Hodges Baily's 1851 statue of Sir Robert Peel stands in the centre of town,[23] while Lutyens' Lancashire Fusiliers memorial can be found outside the Fusilier Museum.[24] George Frampton's 'cheering fusilier', a tribute to the those who died in the Boer War, stands in Whitehead Gardens near the town hall.[25] Contemporary works include Ron Silliman's text piece From Northern Soul (Bury Neon) at Bury Interchange.[26]
This section is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2012) |
Bury is connected to other settlements via bus services, Metrolink and trains.
Between 1903 and 1949, the Bury Corporation Tramways network served the town.
Bury Bolton Street railway station, first opened in 1846 and substantially rebuilt in the 1880s and again in the 1950s, is now home to the East Lancashire Railway, a heritage railway which serves Heywood, Ramsbottom and Rawtenstall, but which does not provide a regular commuter service. The station is the original railway station of Bury, and it was a mainline station until 1980, although after December 1966 passenger services were reduced to a commuter service to Manchester only (formerly there were services to Ramsbottom, Rawtenstall and Bacup to the north of Bury also from Bolton Street station).
Bury was served by two major railway stations between 1848 and 1970, when Bury Knowsley Street railway station was closed. Bury Knowsley Street station had passenger services travelling east-west through Bury, connecting the town directly to both Bolton and Heywood. After October 1970 services to and from Manchester were the only passenger rail services connecting Bury to the national rail network. Bury to Manchester Victoria rail services were provided by Class 504 units, which were third-rail operated, in the 1970s and 1980s. Bury Interchange, opened in March 1980 close to the site of the former Knowsley Street station (which was demolished in the early-1970s); it was the replacement for the Bolton Street railway station (which was subsequently taken over the East Lancashire Railway heritage line in 1987), and initially incorporated a railway station, with services to Manchester Victoria, and a bus station. Third-rail powered heavy rail passenger services integrated with the national rail network ceased in 1991, with Metrolink taking over the line and trams operating the line since April 1992. Bury has therefore not had a conventional heavy rail link to the national network since 1991.
First Greater Manchester and Rosso operate most bus services around Bury, connecting with destinations within Greater Manchester, Rossendale, Accrington and Burnley. The bus station is connected to the Bury Interchange Metrolink station, to provide a vast complex of inter-modal transport. There is also a free car park at the rear of the complex and a cycle hub to park your bike up during the day. The station is located in the centre of Bury, right next to Bury Market, the Millgate Shopping Centre, the Rock and the main square.
Manchester Metrolink operates trams to Manchester, Altrincham, Eccles, Rochdale town centre, Ashton-under-Lyne, East Didsbury, MediaCityUK in Salford and Manchester Airport.
There is generally a 6-minute service from Bury to Manchester city centre, with every other tram continuing to Altrincham. Trams to Eccles are provided from Manchester Piccadilly Station.
Bury has a football club, Bury F.C., which plays at Gigg Lane. The club was formed in 1885 and in 1889 they finished runners up in the inaugural season of the Lancashire League. They were elected to the Football League Second Division in 1894, at the same time as Manchester City. They were promoted to Division One at the end of their first season, beating Liverpool in a play-off.[28] More success came in 1900 when they won the FA Cup followed by a further win in 1903. On the second occasion they beat Derby County 6–0—a record victory for a Cup Final that still stands. The most recent run of success was in 1996 and 1997 when they won promotion from Football League Division Three and Football League Division Two, being Champions in that Division, in successive seasons.
The club currently (2015–16) plays in League One, with a thriving Youth and Centre of Excellence department.[29] The club has produced players such as David Nugent, Simon Whaley and Colin Kazim-Richards. Former legends include free scoring Lenell John-Lewis, old timers Norman Bullock and Henry Cockburn, Neville Southall, Dean Kiely, Lee Dixon, Colin Bell, Terry McDermott, Alec Lindsay, Trevor Ross and John McGrath.
Gigg Lane was used by F.C. United of Manchester of the Northern Premier League Premier Division. FC United is a breakaway group of former Manchester United fans adhering to the anti Malcolm Glazer movement and outright commercialism in modern football. F.C. United's attendances were lower than those of Bury. Until 2002 Manchester United Reserves were also hosted by Gigg Lane in Bury.
The Met arts centre, based in the Derby Hall on Market Street, is a small performing arts venue promoting a programme of theatre, music and comedy events. The Met has hosted famous comedy acts such as Peter Kay, Jason Manford, Steve Coogan and Eddie Izzard in their days before fame.
Bury Art Museum on Moss Street, home to a fine collection of Victorian and 20th-century art, including works by Turner, Constable, and Landseer.
The Fusilier Museum, home to the collection of the Lancashire Fusiliers, commemorating over three hundred years of the regiment's history. The museum occupies the former School of Arts and Crafts on Broad Street.
The award winning Bury Transport Museum, part of the East Lancashire Railway, holds a fine collection of vintage vehicles and interactive displays. It is housed in the Grade II listed, beautifully restored, 1848 Castlecroft Goods Shed. In 2011 Bury Transport Museum won a National Railway Heritage Award.
The 2008 Mercury Music Prize winning group Elbow, fronted by Guy Garvey, hail from Bury and in 2009 the group were awarded Freedom of the Borough after their 2008 classic album "Seldom Seen Kid" won several accolades including a Brit Award and Mercury Prize.[30]
Bury is known for its black puddings[31] so much so, that it is not uncommon to see it as "Bury Black Pudding" on a menu. Bury simnel cake is also a variant of the cake originating in Bury. Bury is also notable for tripe, though there is little demand for this in modern times.
Bury is twinned with:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bury. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bury. |
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Tottington | Ramsbottom | Norden | |
Ainsworth | Heywood | |||
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Radcliffe | Whitefield | Middleton |
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