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- largest North American frog; highly aquatic with a deep-pitched voice (同)Rana_catesbeiana
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- ウシガエル(食用)
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/02/01 20:42:38」(JST)
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For other uses, see Bullfrog (disambiguation).
| American bullfrog | |
|---|---|
| Adult male bullfrog | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Subphylum: | Vertebrata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ranidae |
| Genus: | Rana |
| Species: | R. catesbeiana |
| Binomial name | |
| Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 |
|
| Natural range - red; Introduced range - dark green |
|
| Synonyms | |
|
List
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The American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana[2][3][4] or by some authorities as Lithobates catesbeianus)[1][5][6] often simply known as the bullfrog in Canada and the United States, is an aquatic frog, a member of the family Ranidae, or “true frogs”, native to much of North America.[3][7] This is a frog of larger, permanent water bodies, swamps, ponds, and lakes, where it is usually found along the water's edge.[8] On rainy nights, bullfrogs, along with many other amphibians, travel overland, and may be seen in numbers on country roads.
American bullfrogs live longer in warm weather. They have been widely introduced across North America (see range map). The original, naturally determined range did not include the far western regions where it is found today.[9]
Contents
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Description
American bullfrog
The dorsal surface of the bullfrog has an olive green basal color, either plain or with a mottling and banding of grayish-brown. The ventral surface is off-white blotched with yellow or gray. There is often a marked contrast in color between the green upper lip and the pale lower lip. The eyes are prominent with brown irises and horizontal almond-shaped pupils. The tympani (eardrums) are easily seen and the dorsolateral folds of skin end close to them. The limbs are blotched or banded with gray. The forelegs are short and sturdy and the hind legs long. The hands are unwebbed but the feet have webbing between the digits with the exception of the fourth toe.[10]
Bullfrogs are dimorphic with males being smaller than females, having a yellow throat and having tympani larger than their eyes whereas the tympani in females are about the same size as the eyes.[10] Bullfrogs measure about 3.6 to 6 in (9 to 15 cm) from snout to vent. They grow fast in the first eight months of life, typically increasing in weight from 5 to 175 g (0.18 to 6.2 oz),[11] and large mature individuals can weigh up to 500 g (1.1 lb).[12] Exceptional bullfrogs can possibly attain 800 g (1.8 lb) and measure up to 8 in (20 cm) in length.[11][13]
Distribution
The bullfrog is native to the eastern half of the United States. Its natural range extends from the Atlantic coast to as far west as Oklahoma and Kansas. It is not found on offshore islands near Cape Cod and is largely absent from Florida, Texas, Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota and Minnesota.[14] It has been introduced into Massachusetts, Arizona, Utah, other parts of Colorado and Nebraska, Nevada, California, Oregon, Washington and Hawaii. In these states it is considered to be an invasive species and there is concern that it may out-compete native species of amphibian and upset the ecological balance.[14] It is very common in California where it is believed to pose a threat to the California red-legged frog and is considered to be a factor in the decline of that vulnerable species.[15]
Other countries into which the bullfrog has been introduced include Mexico, the western half of Canada, Cuba, Jamaica, Italy, the Netherlands and France.[16] It is also found in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela and Colombia, China and Japan.[17] The reasons for introducing the bullfrog to these countries have included their intentional release, either to provide a source of food or as biological control agents, the escape of frogs from breeding establishments and the escape or release of frogs kept as pets.[16] Conservationists are concerned that the bullfrog is relatively immune to the fungal infection Chytridiomycosis and that as it invades new territories, it may assist the spread of this lethal disease to more susceptible native species of frog.[17]
Ecology and behavior
In typical aquatic habitat
Reproduction
Fertilization is external in ranid frogs. During the mating grasp, or amplexus, the male rides on top of the female, grasping her with his forelimbs posterior to her forelimbs. The female bullfrog deposits her eggs in the water and the male simultaneously releases sperm.
Breeding begins in late spring or early summer. Males defend territories and call to females from them, attracting females into their territory to mate. The call is reminiscent of the roar of a bull, hence the frog's common name. A female may produce up to 20,000 eggs in one clutch.[9]
Mating Systems
The bullfrog breeding season typically lasts 2–3 months.[18][19][20][21] A study on bullfrogs in Michigan showed bullfrog males arriving at site in late May or early June. The males remained in the area into the month of the July, which is consistent with the finding that bullfrog mating seasons last approximately 2 to 3 months.[18] The territorial males that occupy sites, ranging from 3–6 meters apart. These males call to females.[18][19][20][21] At least three different types of calls have been noted in male Rana catesbeiana. Encounter calls precede combat.[22] The males make distinctive calls that are either territorial calls, which were made as threats to other males, or mating calls made to beckon females.[23]
The bullfrogs have a prolonged breeding season [18] with the males continuously engaging in sexual activity throughout the mating season. Males are present for longer times than females during the entire season, increasing their chances of multiple matings.[20][21] The sex ratio is typically skewed toward males.[23] Conversely, females have brief periods of sexual receptivity throughout the season. In one study, female sexual activity typically lasted for one night and mating did not occur until the females initiated the physical contact.[18] Males only clasp females that initiate physical contact.[18] This finding refutes previous claims that all frog males clasp onto any proximate female with no regard to the female’s consent.[22][24][25][26] Females have been observed to approached and initiate contact with the calling males. After mating with the selected males, the females deposited their eggs on the male territory.[23]
These male and female behaviors cause male to male competition to be high within the bullfrog population and sexual selection for the females to be an intense process.[18] Wells postulates that leks, territorial polygyny, and harems are the most likely classifications for the bullfrog mating system. Leks would be a valid description because males congregate in order to attract females, and the females arrive to the site for the purpose of copulation.[18][22] In a 1980 study on bullfrogs in New Jersey the mating system was classified as resource defense polygyny. The males defended territories within the group and demonstrated typical physical forms of defense.[23]
Choruses
Male bullfrogs aggregate into groups called choruses. The male chorus behavior is analogous to the lek formation of birds, mammals, and other vertebrates. Choruses are dynamic, forming and remaining associated for a few days, breaking down temporarily, and then forming again in a new area with a different group of males.[22] Male movement has experimentally be noted to be dynamic.[23] In the Michigan study, the choruses were described as “centers of attraction” in which their larger numbers enhanced the males’ overall acoustical displays. This is more attractive to females and also attractive to other sexually active males. Choruses in this study were dynamic, constantly forming and breaking up. New choruses were formed in other areas of the site. Males moved around and were highly mobile within the choruses.[18]
A review of multiple studies on bullfrogs and other anurans notes that male behavior within the groups changes according to the population density of the leks. At higher population densities, leks are favored due to difficulty defending individual territories amongst a large population of males. This variance causes differences in how females choose their mates. When the male population density is low and males maintain clearer, more distinct territories, female choice is mostly determined by territory quality.[22] When male population density is higher, females depend on other cues to select their mates. These cues include the males’ positions within the chorus and differences in male display behaviors among other determinants.[20][22] Social dominance within the choruses is established through challenges, threats, and other physical displays. Older males tend to acquire more central locations while younger males were located on the periphery.[18]
Energetic constraint hypothesis and chorus tenure
Chorus tenure is the number of nights that a male participates in the breeding chorus.[27] One study distinguishes between chorus tenure and dominant tenure. Dominant tenure is the more strictly defined as the amount of time a male maintains a dominant status.[28] Chorus tenure is restricted due to increased risk of predation,[29] lost foraging opportunities,[30] and higher energy consumption.[31] Calling is postulated to be energetically costly to anurans in general.[32] Energy is also expended through locomotion and aggressive interactions of male bullfrogs within choruses.[28]
Aggressive behavior and defense mechanisms among males
Within choruses, in order to establish social dominance bullfrogs demonstrate typical forms of aggression, especially through visual displays. Posture is a key factor in establishing social position and threatening challengers.[22] Territorial males have inflated postures while non-territorial males only have their heads above the water. For dominant, also called territorial, males their elevated posture reveals yellow-colored throats.[20][22] When two dominant males encounter each other they will engage in a wrestling bout. The males have their venters clasped, each individual in an erect position rising to well above water level.[22] The New Jersey study noted that males would approach each other to within a few centimeters and then tilt back their heads, displaying their brilliantly-colored gular sac. The gular is dichromatic in bullfrogs, with dominant and fitter males displaying yellow gulars. The New Jersey study also reported that low posture with only the head exposed above the water surface was typical of subordinate, or non-territorial males, and females. High posture was demonstrated by territorial males, who floated on the surface of the water with their lungs inflated, displaying a yellow sac, the gular, on their throats.[23] Males optimize their reproductive fitness in a number of ways. Early arrival to the breeding site, prolonged breeding with continuous sexual activity throughout the season, ownership of a centrally located territory within the chorus, and successful movement between the dynamically changing choruses are all common ways that males maintain dominant, or territorial, status within the chorus. Older males have greater success in all of these areas than younger males did.[18] Some of the males display a more inferior role, termed by many researchers as the silent male status. These silent males sit near resident males, moving into the dominant males’ territories. The silent males will sit for many hours near the resident males demonstrating low postures. The silent males are not in the practice of intercepting matings. They are actually waiting for territories to be vacated.[20][22] This has also been called the alternate or satellite male strategy.[22]
Growth and development
Bullfrog larva and mouthparts
The female lays a batch of up to 20,000 eggs in shallow water amongst vegetation. They form a thin floating sheet which may cover an area of 0.5 to 1 square metre (5.4 to 11 sq ft). They hatch in three to five days and develop best at water temperatures between 24 °C (75 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F). If the water temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F), developmental abnormalities occur and if it falls below 15 °C (59 °F), normal development ceases.[14] Newly hatched tadpoles show a preference for living in shallow water on fine gravel bottoms. This may reflect a lesser number of predators in these locations. As they grow they tend to move into deeper water. The tadpoles initially have three pairs of external gills and several rows of labial teeth. They pump water through their gills by movements of the floor of their mouths, trapping bacteria, single celled algae,protozoans, pollen grains and other small particles on mucus in a filtration organ in their pharynx. As they grow they begin to ingest larger particles and use their teeth for rasping. They have downward facing mouths, deep bodies and tails with broad dorsal and ventral fins.[33]
Time to metamorphosis ranges from a few months in the southern part of the range to three years in the north.[9] Maximum lifespan in the wild is estimated to be 8 to 10 years, but one frog lived for almost 16 years in captivity.[9]
Feeding
Juvenile with a small, grey, oval-shaped area on top of the head, the parietal eye
Native habitat
Stomach content studies going back to 1913 suggest the bullfrog preys on any animal it can overpower and stuff down its throat. Bullfrog stomachs have been found to contain rodents, small turtles, snakes, frogs (including bullfrogs), birds, and a bat, as well as the many invertebrates, such as insects, which are the usual food of ranid frogs.[34] These studies furthermore reveal the bullfrog's diet to be unique among North American Rana in the inclusion of large percentages of aquatic animals, e.g., fish, tadpoles, planorbid snails, and dytiscid beetles. The specialized ability of bullfrogs to capture submerged and large, strong prey comprises a pronounced biting motor pattern that follows up on the initial and typical ranid tongue strike.[34] Adaptation to target image displacement due to light refraction at the water-air interface consists of the bullfrog's application of tongue surface comparatively posterior to the perceived location of the prey target.[34] The comparative ability of bullfrogs to capture submerged prey, compared to that of the green frog, leopard frog, and wood frog (R. clamitans, R. pipiens, R. sylvatica, respectively) was also demonstrated in laboratory experiments.
Prey motion elicits feeding behavior. First, if necessary, the frog performs a single, orienting bodily rotation ending with the frog aimed towards the prey, followed by approaching leaps, if necessary. Once within striking distance, the bullfrog emits its feeding strike, which consists of a ballistic lunge (eyes closed as during all leaps) that ends with the mouth opening, extension of the fleshy and mucous-coated tongue upon the prey, often engulfing it, while the jaws continue their forward travel to close (bite) in close proximity to the prey's original location, just as the tongue is retracted back into the mouth, prey attached. Large prey that do not travel entirely into the mouth are literally stuffed in with the forearms. In laboratory observations, bullfrogs taking mice usually dove underwater with prey in mouth, apparently with the advantageous result of altering the mouse's defense from counterattack to struggling for air.[34] The tiny teeth of bullfrogs are useful only in grasping. Asphyxiation is the most likely cause of death of endothermic (warm-blooded) bullfrog prey.
Human use
Bullfrogs in Chinese supermarket
While occasionally kept as pets, they will still bite even when tamed and can live up to 16 years or more in captivity. The American bullfrog provides a food source, especially in the Southern United States and in some areas of the Midwestern United States. In a few locations, they are commercially cultured in ponds, but the traditional way of hunting them is to paddle or pole silently by canoe or flatboat in streams or swamps at night; when the frog call is heard, a light is shone on the frog to temporarily inhibit it. The frog will not jump into deeper water as long as movement is slow and steady. When close enough, the frog is gigged and brought into the boat. In some states, breaking the skin while catching them is illegal, and either grasping gigs or hand capture are used. The only parts eaten are the rear legs, which resemble small chicken drumsticks and, sometimes, the backs, which are usually fried.
The American bullfrog is also used as a specimen for dissection in many schools across the world. It is the state amphibian of Missouri, Ohio and Oklahoma.[35]
References
- ^ a b Santos-Barrera, G., Hammerson, G., Hedges, B., Joglar, R., Inchaustegui, S., Lue Kuangyang, Chou Wenhao, Gu Huiqing, Shi Haitao, Diesmos, A., Iskandar, D., van Dijk, P.P., Masafumi Matsui, Schmidt, B., Miaud, C. & Martínez-Solano, I. (2009) Lithobates catesbeianus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
- ^ Hillis, D. M. (2007). "Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001. PMID 16997582.
- ^ a b Hillis, D. M. and Wilcox, T. P. (2005). "Phylogeny of the New World True Frogs (Rana)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34 (2): 299–314. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007. PMID 15619443. http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/215.pdf.
- ^ AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation.
- ^ American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), Ontario Nature
- ^ Lithobates catesbeianus, USDA
- ^ Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009). "Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names". Herpetologica 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031R1.1. http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1225.pdf.
- ^ Conant, R. (1958) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
- ^ a b c d Casper, G. S. and Hendricks, R. (2005) Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species, M. Lannoo, ed. University of California Press ISBN 0520235924.
- ^ a b Knapp, W. W. (2008-05-28). "Bullfrog - Rana catesbeiana". The Frogs and Toads of Georgia. http://wwknapp.home.mindspring.com/docs/bullfrog.html. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
- ^ a b Lutz, G. & Avery, J.. "Bullfrog Culture". Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. https://srac.tamu.edu/index.cfm/event/getFactSheet/whichfactsheet/96/. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
- ^ "ANIMAL BYTES- North American Bullfrog". Sea World. http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-bytes/animalia/eumetazoa/coelomates/deuterostomes/chordata/craniata/amphibia/anura/north-american-bullfrog.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
- ^ "Rana catesbeiana". Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Rana_catesbeiana/en. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
- ^ a b c McKercher, Liz; Gregoire, Denise R. (2011-09-14). "Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. U.S. Geological Survey. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=71. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
- ^ Hammerson, Geoffrey (2008). "Rana draytonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136113/0. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
- ^ a b Crayon, John J. (2009-12-03). "Lithobates catesbeianus (=Rana catesbeiana) (amphibian)". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=80&fr=1&sts=. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
- ^ a b Lu, Christine; Sopory, Ambika (2010-08-23). "Rana catesbeiana". AmphibiaWeb. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?rel-common_name=like&where-scientific_name=rana+catesbeiana&account=amphibiaweb. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Emlen, Stephen T (1976). "Lek organization and mating strategies in the bullfrog". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1 (3): 283–313. doi:10.1007/BF00300069. JSTOR 4599103.
- ^ a b Blair, Albert P (1963). "Notes on anuran behavior, especially Rana catesbeiana". Herpetologica 19 (2): 151–151.
- ^ a b c d e f Emlen, Stephen T (1968). "Territoriality in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana". Copeia 1968 (2): 240–243. doi:10.2307/1441748. JSTOR 1441748.
- ^ a b c Wiewandt, Thomas A (1969). "Vocalization, aggressive behavior, and territoriality in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana". Copeia 1969 (2): 276–285. doi:10.2307/1442074. JSTOR 1442074.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wells, Kentwood D (1977). "Territoriality and male mating success in the green frog (Rana clamitans)". Ecology 58 (4): 750–762. doi:10.2307/1936211.
- ^ a b c d e f Ryan, Michael J. (1980). "The Reproductive Behavior of the Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana)". Copeia 1980: 108–114. doi:10.2307/1444139. http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/ryan/Publications/1980-82/1980Copeia108.pdf.
- ^ Blair, W. Frank (1958). "Call structure and species groups in US treefrogs (Hyla)". The Southwestern Naturalist 3: 77–89. doi:10.2307/3669039.
- ^ Bogert, Charles Mitchill. “The influence of sound on the behavior of amphibians and reptiles.” (1960).
- ^ Littlejohn, M. J, and Martin, A. A. (1969). "Acoustic interaction between two species of leptodactylid frogs". Animal Behaviour 17 (4): 785–791. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(69)80027-8.
- ^ Murphy, Christopher G. (1994). "Chorus tenure of male barking treefrogs, Hyla gratiosa". Animal Behaviour 48 (4): 763. doi:10.1006/anbe.1994.1301.
- ^ a b Judge, Kevin A., and Ronald J. Brooks (2001). "Chorus participation by male bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana: a test of the energetic constraint hypothesis". Animal Behaviour 62 62 (5): 849–861. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1801.
- ^ Ryan, Michael J., Merlin D. Tuttle, and Lucinda K. Taft (1981). "The costs and benefits of frog chorusing behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 8 (4): 273–278. doi:10.1007/BF00299526.
- ^ Woolbright, Lawrence L., and Margaret M. Stewart (1987). "Foraging success of the tropical frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui: the cost of calling". Copeia 1987: 69–75. doi:10.2307/1446039.
- ^ Prestwich, Kenneth N., Kristin E. Brugger, and Mary Topping (1989). "Energy and communication in three species of hylid frogs: power input, power output and efficiency". Journal of Experimental Biology 144 (1): 53–80. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/144/1/53.
- ^ Pough, F. H., et al. (1992) “Behavioral energetics.” in Environmental physiology of the amphibians, University of Chicago Press, pp. 395–436 ISBN 0226239446.
- ^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 181–184. ISBN 0-691-03281-5.
- ^ a b c d Cardini, F. (1974) Specializations of the Feeding Response of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, for the Capture of Prey Submerged in Water. M.S. Thesis, U. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
- ^ "Official state amphibians". NetState.com. 2012-07-11. http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_amphibians.htm. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rana catesbeiana |
| Wikispecies has information related to: Rana catesbeiana |
- Herps of Texas: Rana catesbeiana
- British Columbia Frog Watch Program: Bull Frog Fact Sheet
- Bullfrog at allaboutfrogs.com
- Bullfrog recordings
English Journal
- Identification, tissue distribution and functional characterization of the ghrelin receptor in West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens.
- Kaiya H1, Konno N2, Kangawa K3, Uchiyama M2, Miyazato M3.
- General and comparative endocrinology.Gen Comp Endocrinol.2014 Aug 2. pii: S0016-6480(14)00294-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.021. [Epub ahead of print]
- We identified two ghrelin receptor isoforms, the ghrelin receptor type-1a (GHS-R1a) and its alternative splice form (GHS-R1b) for West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens. Lungfish GHS-R1a and 1b comprised 361 and 281 amino acids, respectively. Lungfish GHS-R1a showed the highest identity to coe
- PMID 25093625
- Response dynamics of bullfrog ON-OFF RGCs to different stimulus durations.
- Xiao L1, Zhang PM, Wu S, Liang PJ.
- Journal of computational neuroscience.J Comput Neurosci.2014 Aug;37(1):149-60. doi: 10.1007/s10827-013-0492-2. Epub 2014 Jan 4.
- Stimulus duration is an important feature of visual stimulation. In the present study, response properties of bullfrog ON-OFF retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in exposure to different visual stimulus durations were studied. By using a multi-electrode recording system, spike discharges from ON-OFF RGCs
- PMID 24390227
- Orexin A enhances food intake in bullfrog larvae.
- Shimizu S1, Nakamachi T1, Konno N1, Matsuda K2.
- Peptides.Peptides.2014 Jul 23;59C:79-82. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.013. [Epub ahead of print]
- Orexin is a potent orexigenic peptide implicated in appetite regulation in rodents. However, except for teleost fish, the involvement of orexin in the regulation of feeding in non-mammalian vertebrates has not been well studied. Anuran amphibian larvae feed and grow during the pre- and prometamorphi
- PMID 25064815
Japanese Journal
- Cardioactive C19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from the Lateral Roots of Aconitum carmichaeli "Fu Zi"
- Liu Xiu-Xiu,Jian Xi-Xian,Cai Xiu-Feng,Chao Ruo-Bing,Chen Qiao-Hong,Chen Dong-Lin,Wang Xiao-Liang,Wang Feng-Peng
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 60(1), 144-149, 2012
- … Among them, mesaconine, hypaconine, and beiwutinine showed the strongest cardiac actions on the isolated perfused bullfrog heart. …
- NAID 130001852338
- Characterization of plasma triiodophenol binding proteins in vertebrates and tissue distribution of triiodophenol in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles
- Yamauchi Kiyoshi,Sai Gobun
- Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 153(3), 328-335, 2011-04
- … We investigated the interaction of 2,4,6-triiodophenol (TIP), a potent thyroid hormone disrupting chemical, with serum proteins from rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), chicken (Gallus gallus), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), and rat (Rattus norvegicus) using a [(125)I]TIP binding assay, gel filtration chromatography, and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. …
- NAID 120002954721
- ウシガエル胃粘膜におけるアンモニアのｐｅｐｓｉｎｏｇｅｎ分泌に対する影響
- 菅野 朝
- 杏林医学会雑誌 42(2), 53-62, 2011
- pepsinは胃酸と並び消化性潰瘍の攻撃因子として知られる。しかしながら，その前駆体であるpepsinogen（PG）の<I>in vitro</I>での検討は，その測定が困難さゆえに報告は少ない。一方，<I>Helicobacter pylori</I>（<I>H. pylori</I>）も消化性潰瘍の原因菌として知られて …
- NAID 130001055557
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