WordNet

soft decayed area in a tooth; progressive decay can lead to the death of a tooth (同)caries, dental_caries, tooth decay
space that is surrounded by something (同)enclosed space
(anatomy) a natural hollow or sinus within the body (同)bodily cavity, cavum
oriented toward the inside of the cheek; "the buccal aspect of the gum"
lying within the mouth; "a buccal gland"
of or relating to or toward the cheek

PrepTutorEJDIC

へこみ,くぼみ,空洞 / 虫歯の穴 / (人体内の)腔(こう)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/30 21:37:31」(JST)

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This article is about the human anatomy feature. For the animal feature, see Mouth.

In human anatomy, the mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and saliva.^[1] The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth.

In addition to its primary role as the beginning of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a significant role in communication. While primary aspects of the voice are produced in the throat, the tongue, lips, and jaw are also needed to produce the range of sounds included in human language.

The mouth, normally moist, is lined with a mucous membrane, and contains the teeth. The lips mark the transition from mucous membrane to skin, which covers most of the body.

Description

Mouth cavity

Illustration of the inside of a human mouth. Cheeks have been cut and lips pulled back for an unobstructed view.

The first space of the mouth is the mouth cavity, bounded laterally and in front by the alveolar process (containing the teeth), posteriorily by the isthmus of the fauces, superiorly or the roof is formed by hard palate and soft palate and inferiorly or the floor of the mouth is formed by the mylohyoid muscles and is occupied mainly by the tongue. The oral cavity is also known as the mouth which swallows food that then goes down the esophagus and into the stomach.

Orifice

While shut, the orifice of the mouth forms a line between the upper and lower lip. In facial expression, this mouth line is iconically shaped like an up-open parabola in a smile, and like a down-open parabola in a frown. A down-turned mouth means a mouth line forming a down-turned parabola, and when permanent can be normal. Also, a down-turned mouth can be part of the presentation of Prader-Willi syndrome.^[2]

Function

The mouth plays an important role in eating, drinking and breathing. Infants are born with a sucking reflex, by which they instinctively know to suck for nourishment using their lips and jaw.

Development

The philtrum is the vertical groove in the upper lip, formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryo development. When these processes fail to fuse fully, a hare lip and/or cleft palate can result. This can result in the encouraging process of the release of metabolic wastes.

The nasolabial folds are the deep creases of tissue that extend from the nose to the sides of the mouth. One of the first signs of age on the human face is the increase in prominence of the nasolabial folds.

Cultural aspects

Lips can be adorned with lipstick or lip gloss, although in most cultures, this is typically only practiced by females. Both men and women, however, apply lip balm in order to soothe chapped or dry lips.

Piercings in or around the mouth have been made popular by younger generations, including those on the lip or tongue. The uvula piercing, while increasing in popularity, remains relatively rare.

Oral sex is a form of sexual intercourse practised with the mouth.

Kisses are performed using the mouth.

Additional Images

Human embryo, 38 mm, 8-9 weeks.

References

^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
^ Cassidy, Suzanne B.; Dykens, Elisabeth; Williams, Charles A. (2000). "Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: Sister imprinted disorders". American Journal of Medical Genetics 97 (2): 136–46. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(200022)97:2<136::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 11180221.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 局所進行性（ステージIIIおよびIV）の頭頸部癌の治療：口腔 treatment of locoregionally advanced stage iii and iv head and neck cancer the oral cavity
2. 早期（ステージIおよびII）の頭頸部癌の治療：口腔 treatment of early stage i and ii head and neck cancer the oral cavity
3. 下顎、口、口腔、および咽頭の先天異常 congenital anomalies of the jaw mouth oral cavity and pharynx
4. 頭頸部扁平上皮癌に対する治療の概要 overview of treatment for head and neck squamous cell cancer
5. 造血細胞移植後の悪性腫瘍 malignancy after hematopoietic cell transplantation

English Journal

Bixin action in the healing process of rats mouth wounds.

Piva RM, Johann AC, Costa CK, Miguel OG, Rosa ER, de Azevedo-Alanis LR, Trevilatto PC, Ignacio SA, Bettega PV, Gregio AM1.Author information 1Rua Professor Luiz César 873 apto 202, Agua Verde - 80.620-280, Curitiba- Parana- Brazil. ana.gregio@pucpr.br.AbstractOral lesions that manifest as ulcer lesions are quite common and can cause discomfort to the patient. Searching for drugs to accelerate the healing of these lesions is nonstop process. Bixin is a molecule found in annatto (urucum) seeds and is considered a viable therapeutic option to treat such lesions due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and healing properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the bixin solution in the ulcer healing process in the oral mucosa of rats. Ulcers were induced with punches of 0.5 cm in the middle of the dorsum of the tongue of 64 Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into 8 groups, in which 4 groups were treated with saline solution, while the other 4 were treated with the bixin solution. The animals were sacrificed in the periods 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after the beginning of the treatment. The species were histologically processed and stained with hematoxylin/eosin and picrosirius. Fibroblasts, reepithelialization, and wound contraction could be observed, as could the quantification of neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and mature and immature collagen. On the seventh day, the experimental group, when compared to the control group, presented a higher proliferation of fibroblasts, more advanced reepithelialization, and a higher contraction in the wounds. A reduction in the average number of neutrophils in the experimental group, when compared to the control group, could be observed in all periods (p=0.000). Up to two days, the total collagen area was higher (p=0.044) in the experimental group (4139.60±3047.51t han in the control group (1564.81±918.47). The deposition of mature collagen, on the 14(th) day, was higher (p=0.048) in the experimental group (5802.40±3578.18) than in the control group (1737.26±1439.97). The results found in the present study indicate that the bixin solution inhibits the acute inflammatory response with a minor average number of neutrophils and accelerates reepithelialization, wound contraction and collagen maturation, thus illustrating that this solution does in fact represent an important adjuvant in the treatment of ulcers.
Current pharmaceutical biotechnology.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.2014 Oct;14(9):785-91.
Oral lesions that manifest as ulcer lesions are quite common and can cause discomfort to the patient. Searching for drugs to accelerate the healing of these lesions is nonstop process. Bixin is a molecule found in annatto (urucum) seeds and is considered a viable therapeutic option to treat such les
PMID 24372269

Novel delivery approach for ketotifen fumarate: dissofilms formulation using 3² experimental design: in vitro/in vivo evaluation.

Fahmy RH1, Badr-Eldin SM.Author information 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt.AbstractOrally dissolving films (dissofilms) have gained increasing popularity and attention due to their ease of administration and avoidance of first pass metabolism. Ketotifen fumarate (KF) bioavailability is reported to be only ~ 50% due to hepatic first-pass metabolism. Aiming to surmount this drawback and improve patients' compliance, a 3(2) full factorial design was applied to formulate KF Orodispersible films, and to investigate the effects and interactions of the concentrations of the novel film former; Lycoat NG73® and the film modifier; maltodextrin (MDX) on the characteristics of the films prepared using solvent casting technique. The dissofilms were thoroughly evaluated regarding their weight uniformity, content uniformity, moisture uptake, in vivo mouth dissolving time (MDT) and their thermal behavior via differential scanning calorimetry. Statistical analysis revealed the significant influence of Lycoat NG73® concentration on percent elongation, percent KF dissolved after 5 min, and in vivo MDT, while MDX concentration had significant effect only on percent elongation. Further, storage of the optimal selected formula (15% Lycoat NG73 and 0% MDX) at 40 °C/75% relative humidity for 12 weeks caused no significant change in appearance, KF content or drug dissolution profile. Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the orally dissolving films showed significantly higher absorption extent than the reference marketed product, while no significant difference was observed for Cmax.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Aug;19(5):521-30. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.800108. Epub 2013 May 28.
Orally dissolving films (dissofilms) have gained increasing popularity and attention due to their ease of administration and avoidance of first pass metabolism. Ketotifen fumarate (KF) bioavailability is reported to be only ~ 50% due to hepatic first-pass metabolism. Aiming to surmount this drawback
PMID 23713715

Contribution of low molecular weight phenols to bitter taste and mouthfeel properties in red wines.

Gonzalo-Diago A1, Dizy M2, Fernández-Zurbano P3.Author information 1Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (UR-CSIC-GR), Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain; Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.2Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (UR-CSIC-GR), Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain; Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.3Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (UR-CSIC-GR), Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain; Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain. Electronic address: puri.fernandez@unirioja.es.AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the relationship between low molecular weight compounds present in wines and their sensory contribution. Six young red wines were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography and subsequently each fraction obtained was separated from sugars and acids by solid phase extraction. Wines and both fractions were in-mouth evaluated by a trained sensory panel and UPLC-MS analyses were performed. The lack of ethanol and proanthocyanidins greatly increased the acidity perceived. The elimination of organic acids enabled the description of the samples, which were evaluated as bitter, persistent and slightly astringent. Coutaric acid and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside appear to be relevant astringent compounds in the absence of proanthocyanidins. Bitter taste was highly correlated with the in-mouth persistence. A significant predictive model for bitter taste was built by means of PLSR. Further research must be carried out to validate the sensory contribution of the compounds involved in bitterness and astringency and to verify the sensory interactions observed.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jul 1;154:187-98. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.096. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between low molecular weight compounds present in wines and their sensory contribution. Six young red wines were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography and subsequently each fraction obtained was separated from sugars and acids by solid ph
PMID 24518332

Japanese Journal

Further record of Ceratothoa carinata (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) parasitic on Decapterus maruadsi in Japanese waters

Nagasawa Kazuya,Fukuda Yutaka,Nishiyama Masato
Biogeography 16, 59-61, 2014-09-20
… The cymothoid isopod Ceratothoa carinata (Bianconi, 1869) was found in the buccal cavity of the Japanese scad Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) from the western Seto Inland Sea. …
NAID 120005512335

小児に発生した歯ブラシによる外傷性頬脂肪体逸脱の１例

小出裕実子,真野隆充,梅田浩嗣,松村真由美,坪井長裕,上山吉哉
山口医学 63(1), 49-52, 2014-02-01
… 逸脱の症例を報告する.3歳の男児が歯ブラシをくわえたまま転倒し受傷した.出血を認めるため母親が連れて当科を受診した.出血は止まっていたが,口腔内に頬脂肪体が突き出していた.同日,全身麻酔下で頬脂肪体の切除,創の縫合を行った.臨床経過は問題なく,術後の膿瘍形成もみられなかった.このような外傷を防ぐためには,歯磨き中の危険性を両親に啓発しなければならない.Traumatic herniation of buccal fat pad is rare …
NAID 120005435147

上顎前方歯槽突起部に下顎骨片を用いてベニアグラフトした症例の臨床的・放射線学的検討

小澤重雄,渡沼敏夫,根岸邦雄,久野敏行,勝沼孝臣
日本口腔インプラント学会誌 27(3), 337-345, 2014
… Purpose:To assess quantitative changes in bone width before and after bone grafting in cases of veneer grafting to the maxillary ridge with block bone harvested from the mandible and to measure the width of the labial/buccal bones of implant bodies 5 years or more after superstructure placement.<br/>Materials and Methods:We assessed 14 sites in 11 cases. …
NAID 130004709638