鹹水

WordNet

soak in brine
a strong solution of salt and water used for pickling

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塩水 / 《the ~》《詩》海水;海 / 漬物用の塩水

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/20 09:35:21」(JST)

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For other uses, see Brine (disambiguation).

A NASA personnel measures the concentration level of brine using a hydrometer at a salt evaporation pond in San Francisco.

Brine is a solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water. In different contexts, brine may refer to salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% (a typical concentration of seawater, or the lower end of solutions used for brining foods) up to about 26% (a typical saturated solution, depending on temperature). Other levels of concentration are called in different names:

Water salinity based on dissolved salts
Fresh water	Brackish water	Saline water	Brine
< 0.05%	0.05–3%	3–5%	> 5%

Properties[edit]

Brine is a liquid.

0 °F was initially set as the zero point in the Fahrenheit temperature scale, as it was the coldest temperature that Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit could reliably reproduce — by freezing brine.^[1]

At 100 °C (373.65 K, 212 °F), saturated sodium chloride brine is about 28% salt by weight i.e. 39.12 g salt dissolves in 100 mL of water at 100 °C. At 0 °C (273.15 K, 32 °F), brine can only hold about 26% salt.^[2]

Density of brine at various concentrations and temperatures can be approximated with a linear equation:^[3] Density (lb/ft³)= a₃ + (a₂*Temperature (F)) where the values of an are:

Weight %	a₂	a₃
5	.043	72.60
10	.039	73.72
15	.035	74.86
20	.032	76.21
25	.030	77.85

The thermal conductivity of seawater (7% dissolved salt by weight) is 0.6 W/mK at 25 °C.^[4] The thermal conductivity decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature; these graphs and online calculations plot thermal conductivity for varying salinity and temperature:^[5]

Electrolysis of brine[edit]

About four percent of hydrogen gas produced worldwide is created by electrolysis. The majority of this hydrogen produced through electrolysis is a side product in the production of chlorine.

2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H₂(g) + Cl₂(g)

Usages[edit]

Refrigerating fluid[edit]

Main article: brine (refrigeration)

Brine is a common fluid used in large refrigeration installations for the transport of thermal energy from place to place. It is used because the addition of salt to water lowers the freezing temperature of the solution and the heat transport efficiency can be greatly enhanced for the comparatively low cost of the material. The lowest freezing point obtainable for NaCl brine is −21.1 °C (−6.0 °F) at 23.3wt% NaCl.^[6] This is called the eutectic point.

De-icing[edit]

In colder temperatures, brine can be used to de-ice or reduce freezing temperatures on roads.^[7]

Culinary[edit]

Main article: Brine (food)

In culinary brine is used for food brining and salting.

Hydrology[edit]

Main article: Brine (hydrology)

In hydrology, brine is a form of salt water, namely, water with relatively high concentration of salt (usually sodium chloride).

References[edit]

^ gwydir.demon.co.uk
^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 63rd Edition 1982-1983.
^ Dittman, Gerald L. (February 16, 1977). "Calculation of Brine Properties.". Lawrence Livermore Laboratories. Livermore CA.
^ web.mit.edu
^ twt.mpei.ac.ru
^ webserver.dmt.upm.es
^ Iowa Department of Transportation

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