branchiopod

Branchiopoda; Temporal range: Upper Cambrian–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Triops, (Notostraca: Triopsidae); left: dorsal view; right: ventral view
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Branchiopoda; Latreille, 1817
Orders
	Subclass Sarsostraca Anostraca ; Subclass Phyllopoda Lipostraca† Notostraca Infraclass Diplostraca Laevicaudata Spinicaudata Cyclestherida Cladocera ;

WordNet

of or relating to or characteristic of the subclass Branchiopoda (同)branchiopodan, branchiopodous
aquatic crustaceans typically having a carapace and many pairs of leaflike appendages used for swimming as well as respiration and feeding (同)branchiopod, branchiopodan

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/23 01:08:20」(JST)

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Branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans. It comprises fairy shrimp, clam shrimp, Cladocera, Notostraca and the Devonian Lepidocaris. They are mostly small, freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus.

Description

Members of the Branchiopoda are unified by the presence of gills on many of the animals' appendages, including some of the mouthparts. This is also responsible for the name of the group^[1] (from the Greek: branchia, gills, akin to bronchos, windpipe; Greek: pous, foot).^[2] They generally possess compound eyes and a carapace, which may be a shell of two valves enclosing the trunk (as in most Cladocera), broad and shallow (as in the Notostraca), or entirely absent (as in the Anostraca).^[3] In the groups where the carapace prevents the use of the trunk limbs for swimming (Cladocera, clam shrimp and the extinct Lipostraca), the antennae are used for locomotion, as they are in the nauplius.^[3] Male fairy shrimp have an enlarged pair of antennae with which they grasp the female during mating, while the bottom-feeding Notostraca, the antennae are reduced to vestiges.^[3] The trunk limbs are beaten in a metachronal rhythm, causing a flow of water along the midline of the animal, from which it derives oxygen, food and, in the case of the Anostraca and Notostraca, movement.^[3]

Ecology

Among the branchiopods, only some cladocerans are marine; all the other groups are found in continental waters fresh water, including temporary pools and salt lakes.^[4] Most branchiopodans eat floating detritus or plankton, which they take using the setae on their appendages.^[3]

Taxonomy

In early taxonomic treatments, the current members of the Branchiopoda were all placed in a single genus, Monoculus. The taxon Branchiopoda was erected by Pierre André Latreille in 1817, initially at the rank of order.^[5]

Anostraca

Artemia salina (Anostraca: Artemiidae)

The fairy shrimp of the order Anostraca are usually 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) long (exceptionally up to 170 mm or 6.7 in).^[6] Most species have 20 body segments, bearing 11 pairs of leaf-like phyllopodia (swimming legs), and the body lacks a carapace.^[7] They live in vernal pools and hypersaline lakes across the world, including pools in deserts, in ice-covered mountain lakes and in Antarctica. They swim "upside-down" and feed by filtering organic particles from the water or by scraping algae from surfaces.^[6] They are an important food for many birds and fish, and are cultured and harvested for use as fish food.^[8] There are 300 species spread across 8 families.^[9]

Lipostraca

Lipostraca contains a single species, Lepidocaris rhyniensis,^[10] which is the most abundant animal in the Rhynie chert desposits.^[11] It resembles modern Anostraca, to which it is probably closely related, although its relationships to other orders remain unclear.^[12] The body is 3 mm (0.12 in) long, with 23 body segments and 19 pairs of appendages, but no carapace.^[13] It occurred chiefly among charophytes, probably in alkaline temporary pools.^[14]

Notostraca

The order Notostraca comprises the single family Triopsidae, containing the tadpole shrimp or shield shrimp.^[15] The two genera, Triops and Lepidurus, are considered living fossils, having not changed significantly in outward form since the Triassic.^[9] They have a broad, flat carapace, which conceals the head and bears a single pair of compound eyes.^[6] The abdomen is long, appears to be segmented and bears numerous pairs of flattened legs.^[6] The telson is flanked by a pair of long, thin caudal rami.^[3] Phenotypic plasticity within taxa makes species-level identification difficult, and is further compounded by variation in the mode of reproduction.^[9] Notostracans are the largest branchiopodans and are omnivores living on the bottom of temporary pools and shallow lakes.^[6]

Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata and Cyclestherida

Clam shrimp are bivalved animals which have lived since at least the Devonian. The three groups are not believed to form a clade. They have 10–32 trunk segments, decreasing in size from front to back, and each bears a pair of legs which also carry gills. A strong muscle can close the two halves of the shell together.

Cladocera

Daphnia pulex (Cladocera: Daphniidae)

Cladocera is an order of small crustaceans commonly called water fleas. Around 620 species have been recognised so far, with many more undescribed.^[16] They are ubiquitous in inland aquatic habitats, but rare in the oceans.^[6] Most are 0.2–6.0 mm (0.01–0.24 in) long, with a down-turned head, and a carapace covering the apparently unsegmented thorax and abdomen.^[17] There is a single median compound eye.^[6] Most species show cyclical parthenogenesis, where asexual reproduction is occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction, which produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats.^[18]

Evolution

The fossil record of branchiopods extends back at least into the Upper Cambrian and possibly further. The group is thought to be monophyletic, with the Anostraca having been the first group to branch off.^[19] It is thought that the group evolved in the seas, but was forced into temporary pools and hypersaline lakes by the evolution of bony fishes.^[6] Although they were previously considered the sister group to the remaining crustaceans, it is now widely accepted that crustaceans form a paraphyletic group, and Branchiopoda are thought to be sister to a clade comprising Xenocarida (Remipedia and Cephalocarida) and Hexapoda (insects and their relatives).^[20]^[21]

References

^ Georges Cuvier (trans. William Benjamin Carpenter) (1851). "Crustacean Entomostraca (Müller)". The animal kingdom: arranged after its organization, forming a natural history of animals, and an introduction to comparative anatomy. W. S. Orr and co. pp. 434–448.
^ Webster's New World College Dictionary. Cleveland, Ohio: Wiley Publishing. 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Libbie Hyman (1961). "Subclass 1. Branchiopoda". The Invertebrata (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 368–375.
^ Sol Felty Light (1970). "Phylum Arthropoda". Intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. University of California Press. pp. 112–210. ISBN 978-0-520-00750-5.
^ Pierre André Latreille (1831). Georges Cuvier, ed. The Crustacea, Arachnides and Insecta. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization 3. Henry M'Murtrie (trans.). G. & C. & H. Carvill.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Denton Belk (2007). "Branchiopoda". In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton. The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. pp. 414–417. ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5.
^ D. R. Khanna (2004). "Segmentation in arthropods". Biology of Arthropoda. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 316–394. ISBN 978-81-7141-897-8.
^ J. M. Melack (2009). "Saline and soda lakes". In Sven Erik Jørgensen. Ecosystem Ecology. Academic Press. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-0-444-53466-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Luc Brendonck, D. Christopher Rogers, Jorgen Olesen, Stephen Weeks & Walter R. Hoch (2008). Estelle V. Balian; Christian Lévêque; Hendrik Segers; Koen Martens, eds. "Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment". Hydrobiologia. Developments in Hydrobiology 198 595 (1): 167–176. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9119-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-8258-0. |chapter= ignored (help)
^ Paul Selden & John R. Nudds (2004). "The Rhynie Chert". Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems (2nd ed.). Manson Publishing. pp. 47–58. ISBN 978-1-84076-041-5.
^ "Introduction to Branchiopoda". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
^ Frederick R. Schram & Stefan Koenemann (2001). "Developmental genetics and arthropod evolution: part I, on legs". Evolution & Development 3 (5): 343–354. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01038.x. PMID 11710766.
^ D. J. Scourfield (1926). "On a new type of crustacean from the old Red Sandstone (Rhynie chert Bed, Aberdeenshire) – Lepidocaris rhyniensis, gen. et sp. nov.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 214: 153–187. doi:10.1098/rstb.1926.0005. JSTOR 92140.
^ "Lepidocaris". The Rhynie Chert Crustaceans. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
^ J. K. Lowry (October 2, 1999). "Notostraca (Branchiopoda)". Crustacea, the Higher Taxa: Description, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
^ L. Forró, N. M. Korovchinsky, A. A. Kotov & A. Petrusek (2008). Estelle V. Balian; Christian Lévêque; Hendrik Segers; Koen Martens, eds. "Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. Developments in Hydrobiology 198 595 (1): 177–184. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9013-5. ISBN 978-1-4020-8259-7. |chapter= ignored (help) doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_19
^ Douglas Grant Smith & Kirstern Work (2001). "Cladoceran Branchiopoda (water fleas)". In Douglas Grant Smith. Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 453 488. ISBN 978-0-471-35837-4.
^ Ellen Decaestecker, Luc De Meester & Joachim Mergaey (2009). "Cyclical parthenogeness in Daphnia: sexual versus asexual reproduction". In Isa Schön; Koen Martens; Peter van Dijk. Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis. Springer. pp. 295–316. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_15. ISBN 978-90-481-2769-6.
^ Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 1–132.
^ David R. Andrew (2011). "A new view of insectecrustacean relationships II. Inferences from expressed sequence tags and comparisons with neural cladistics". Arthropod Structure & Development 40: 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.001.
^ Bjoern M. von Reumont, Ronald A. Jenner, Matthew A. Wills, Emiliano Dell'Ampio, Günther Pass, Ingo Ebersberger, Benjamin Meyer, Stefan Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe, Alexandros Stamatakis, Oliver Niehuis, Karen Meusemann & Bernhard Misof (2012). "Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda" (PDF proofs). Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (3): 1031–1045. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270. PMID 22049065.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 低形成腎renal hypodysplasia [show details]
…be an isolated finding or a component of a genetic syndrome (eg, renal-coloboma and branchio-oto-renal [BOR] syndromes) associated with urinary tract malformations. Support for in utero vascular abnormalities …
2. 先天性腎尿路異常（CAKUT）の概要overview of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract cakut [show details]
…abnormal hearing test, which may be suggestive of Branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR syndrome, ), also referred to as Melnick-Fraser syndrome. BOR syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized …
3. 耳の先天異常congenital anomalies of the ear [show details]
…renal anomalies occur in several multiple congenital anomaly (MCA) syndromes, including: Branchio-oto-renal [] syndrome; Coloboma of the eye, heart anomalies, choanal atresia, retardation, genital and ear …
4. 小児の聴覚障害：病因hearing loss in children etiology [show details]
…reviewed separately. Waardenburg syndrome types I and II , neurofibromatosis I and II, and branchio-oto-renal syndrome are examples of common autosomal dominant disorders that cause syndromic SNHL. Conductive…
5. 小児における身体的診察：HEENTthe pediatric physical examination heent [show details]
…preauricular skin pits are also unlikely to be associated with hearing loss, except in the branchiootorenal syndrome . A pit located just in front of the tragus infrequently may extend into a subcutaneous…

English Journal

Ultrastructural analysis of the ovary and oogenesis in Spinicaudata and Laevicaudata (Branchiopoda) and its phylogenetic implications.

Jaglarz MK1, Kubrakiewicz J2, Jędrzejowska I2, Gołdyn B3, Biliński SM4.
Zoology (Jena, Germany).Zoology (Jena).2014 Jun;117(3):207-15. doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2013.12.002. Epub 2014 Feb 23.
Recent molecular studies have indicated a close relationship between Crustacea and Hexapoda and postulated their unification into the Pancrustacea/Tetraconata clade. Certain molecular analyses have also suggested that the crustacean lineage, which includes the Branchiopoda, might be the sister group
PMID 24657201

A new species of Streptocephalus (Crustacea: Anostraca: Streptocephalidae) from the Western Ghats, India, with a key to the Asian species.

Rogers DC1, Padhye S2.
Zootaxa.Zootaxa.2014 May 23;3802(1):75-84. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3802.1.6.
We present and describe the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sahyadriensis sp. nov. from the Western Ghats of India. This species is most similar to S. simplex Gurney, 1906 and S. dichotomus Baird, 1860 sharing similar basic antennal appendage morphology. However, S. sahyadriensis sp. nov. differs in th
PMID 24870993

Mating behaviour in laevicaudatan clam shrimp (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) and functional morphology of male claspers in a phylogenetic context: a video-based analysis.

Sigvardt ZM, Olesen J.
PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Jan 2;9(1):e84021. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084021. eCollection 2014.
Clam shrimps are freshwater branchiopod crustaceans which often present complicated breeding systems including asexual reproduction (parthenogenesis) and mixed mating systems (in androdioecious species both selfing and outcrossing occurs due to the co-presence of hermaphrodites and males). Reproduct
PMID 24392104

Japanese Journal

学術集会参加報告第7回国際腕足動物会議 The Branchiopod World参加報告

化石 (98), 62-64, 2015-09
NAID 40020613156

Environmental Sex Determination in the Branchiopod Crustacean Daphnia magna : Deep Conservation of a Doublesex Gene in the Sex-Determining Pathway

PLoS Genetics 7(3), e1001345-e1001345, 2011-03
NAID 120004837638

多摩川水系・日野用水におけるオオシロカゲロウ(カゲロウ目・シロイロカゲロウ科)の生活史

陸水學雜誌 = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF LIMNOLOGY 68(2), 253-260, 2007-08-20
NAID 10019557724

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[1] Georges Cuvier (trans. William Benjamin Carpenter) (1851). "Crustacean Entomostraca (Müller)". The animal kingdom: arranged after its organization, forming a natural history of animals, and an introduction to comparative anatomy. W. S. Orr and co. pp. 434–448.

[2] Webster's New World College Dictionary. Cleveland, Ohio: Wiley Publishing. 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.

[Hyman-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Libbie Hyman (1961). "Subclass 1. Branchiopoda". The Invertebrata (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 368–375.

[4] Sol Felty Light (1970). "Phylum Arthropoda". Intertidal invertebrates of the central California coast. University of California Press. pp. 112–210. ISBN 978-0-520-00750-5.

[5] Pierre André Latreille (1831). Georges Cuvier, ed. The Crustacea, Arachnides and Insecta. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization 3. Henry M'Murtrie (trans.). G. & C. & H. Carvill.

[Belk-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Denton Belk (2007). "Branchiopoda". In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton. The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. pp. 414–417. ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5.

[Khanna-7] D. R. Khanna (2004). "Segmentation in arthropods". Biology of Arthropoda. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 316–394. ISBN 978-81-7141-897-8.

[J.C3.B8rgensen-8] J. M. Melack (2009). "Saline and soda lakes". In Sven Erik Jørgensen. Ecosystem Ecology. Academic Press. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-0-444-53466-8.

[Diversity-9] Luc Brendonck, D. Christopher Rogers, Jorgen Olesen, Stephen Weeks & Walter R. Hoch (2008). Estelle V. Balian; Christian Lévêque; Hendrik Segers; Koen Martens, eds. "Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment". Hydrobiologia. Developments in Hydrobiology 198 595 (1): 167–176. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9119-9. ISBN 978-1-4020-8258-0. |chapter= ignored (help)

[10] Paul Selden & John R. Nudds (2004). "The Rhynie Chert". Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems (2nd ed.). Manson Publishing. pp. 47–58. ISBN 978-1-84076-041-5.

[11] "Introduction to Branchiopoda". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved August 5, 2011.

[12] Frederick R. Schram & Stefan Koenemann (2001). "Developmental genetics and arthropod evolution: part I, on legs". Evolution & Development 3 (5): 343–354. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01038.x. PMID 11710766.

[13] D. J. Scourfield (1926). "On a new type of crustacean from the old Red Sandstone (Rhynie chert Bed, Aberdeenshire) – Lepidocaris rhyniensis, gen. et sp. nov.". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 214: 153–187. doi:10.1098/rstb.1926.0005. JSTOR 92140.

[abdn-14] "Lepidocaris". The Rhynie Chert Crustaceans. University of Aberdeen. Retrieved August 5, 2011.

[Lowry-15] J. K. Lowry (October 2, 1999). "Notostraca (Branchiopoda)". Crustacea, the Higher Taxa: Description, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Retrieved February 7, 2011.

[Forr.C3.B3-16] L. Forró, N. M. Korovchinsky, A. A. Kotov & A. Petrusek (2008). Estelle V. Balian; Christian Lévêque; Hendrik Segers; Koen Martens, eds. "Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. Developments in Hydrobiology 198 595 (1): 177–184. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9013-5. ISBN 978-1-4020-8259-7. |chapter= ignored (help) doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_19

[Pennak_Cladocera-17] Douglas Grant Smith & Kirstern Work (2001). "Cladoceran Branchiopoda (water fleas)". In Douglas Grant Smith. Pennak's Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 453 488. ISBN 978-0-471-35837-4.

[Decaestecker-18] Ellen Decaestecker, Luc De Meester & Joachim Mergaey (2009). "Cyclical parthenogeness in Daphnia: sexual versus asexual reproduction". In Isa Schön; Koen Martens; Peter van Dijk. Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis. Springer. pp. 295–316. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2770-2_15. ISBN 978-90-481-2769-6.

[M.26D-19] Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 1–132.

[20] David R. Andrew (2011). "A new view of insectecrustacean relationships II. Inferences from expressed sequence tags and comparisons with neural cladistics". Arthropod Structure & Development 40: 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.001.

[21] Bjoern M. von Reumont, Ronald A. Jenner, Matthew A. Wills, Emiliano Dell'Ampio, Günther Pass, Ingo Ebersberger, Benjamin Meyer, Stefan Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe, Alexandros Stamatakis, Oliver Niehuis, Karen Meusemann & Bernhard Misof (2012). "Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda" (PDF proofs). Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (3): 1031–1045. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270. PMID 22049065.

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