bootstrap

Bootstrap
開発元	Mark Otto、Jacob Thornton
初版	2011年8月（4年前）
最新版	3.3.5 / 2015年6月15日（5か月前）
プログラミング言語	HTML、CSS、LESS、JavaScript
対応OS	クロスプラットフォーム
サイズ	83.8 KB (archived)
サポート状況	Active
種別	HTML及びCSS用デザインテンプレート
ライセンス	MIT License (Apache License 2.0〜3.0.1)
公式サイト	getbootstrap.com
	テンプレートを表示

ブートストラップ　　

WordNet

help oneself, often through improvised means
a strap that is looped and sewn to the top of a boot for pulling it on

PrepTutorEJDIC

(編上靴の)つまみ革 / 《話》独力,自力

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/30 23:29:02」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

この項目では、フリーソフトウェアツール集について説明しています。その他の用例については「ブートストラップ (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。

BootstrapはWebサイトやWebアプリケーションを作成するフリーソフトウェアツール集である。タイポグラフィ、フォーム、ボタン、ナビゲーション、その他構成要素やJavaScript用拡張などがHTML及びCSSベースのデザインテンプレートとして用意されている。

GitHubで最も人気があり^[2]、アメリカ航空宇宙局やMSNBCなどに採用されている。^[3]^[4]

1 特徴
2 構造と機能
- 2.1 グリッドレイアウトとレスポンシブデザイン
- 2.2 CSSの理解
- 2.3 再利用
- 2.4 JavaScript
3 利用例
- 3.1 固定レイアウトグリッドの作成
- 3.2 ネストした流体レイアウトグリッドでの固定レイアウトグリッドの作成
4 脚注
5 外部リンク

特徴

HTML5やCSS3では比較的サポートが不完全だが、主要なWebブラウザとの互換性がある。 WebサイトやWebアプリケーションの基本情報がすべてのデバイスやブラウザで利用できるよう、部分的な互換性という概念を用いている。例えば、角丸、グラデーション、ボックスシャドウなどのCSS3で導入された機能は古いWebブラウザでサポートされていないが、Bootstrapで使用される。

Ver2.0以降ではレスポンシブデザインに対応しており、閲覧機器（PC、タブレット、携帯電話）の仕様に応じてWebページのレイアウトが動的に調整される。

最近では、コミュニティメンバーは中国語、スペイン語、ロシア語などマニュアル翻訳を進めている。^[5]

構造と機能

モジュール化されており、LESSの様々な要素を実装している。 bootstrap.lessにはコンポーネントのスタイルシートが含まれており、利用者は使用するコンポーネントを選択して、ファイル自体を修正できる。

基本設計の修正は限定範囲で可能であり、LESSでの宣言により大規模な修正が可能となる。

LESS使用の際は、変数、関数、演算子、ネストされたセレクタだけでなく、Mixinが使用可能となる。

Ver2.0以来、ドキュメント内に特別な「カスタマイズ」オプションが追加された。また、利用者は必要に応じて様々なオプションの値、コンポーネント、修正をフォームで選択することができる。その後生成されたパッケージには、構築済みのCSSが含まれる。

グリッドレイアウトとレスポンシブデザイン

940ピクセル幅のグリッドレイアウトが標準設計であり、利用者は代わりに可変幅レイアウトを使用できる。両者ともに、携帯電話、縦長と横長、タブレット、パソコンの4つの閲覧端末や解像度に合わせてカラム幅を調整する機能がある。

CSSの理解

テキスト、テーブルやフォーム要素などを見栄え良くするなど、全ての主要なHTMLコンポーネントに基本的なCSSスタイル定義を適用する機能がある。^[6]

再利用

通常のHTML要素に加え、ボタンの拡張機能（ドロップダウン、グループ化、ナビゲーションリスト、水平・垂直タブ、ナビゲーション、階層リンクナビゲーション、改ページ位置の自動修正など）、ラベル、高度なタイポグラフィ、サムネイル、警告メッセージが含まれるプログレスバーなど、他の一般的な要素が含まれている。

JavaScript

jQueryプラグイン形式で一部のJavaScriptが使用可能であり、ダイアログボックス、ツールヒント、カルーセルなどのユーザーインターフェイス機能のほか、入力欄のオートコンプリート機能を含む既存要素の拡張機能が利用できる。 Ver2.0では、モーダル、ドロップダウン、Scrollspy、タブ、ツールチップ、ポップオーバー、アラート、ボタン、崩壊、カルーセルと先行入力などのJavaScriptプラグインがサポートされている。

Dojo Bootstrapと呼ばれる、Dojo Toolkitを使用したTwitter用の実装^[7]^[8]も利用可能である。それは、Twitter Bootstrapプラグインのポートであり、Dojoのコードを基に作成され、AMD非同期モジュール定義^[9]に対応している。

同様に、UI Bootstrapと呼ばれる、AngularJS制御用Bootstrap^[10]も存在する。

利用例

HTMLページでの使用時に、Bootstrap用CSSをダウンロードし、HTMLファイルのリンクを用意する。（また、LESSの特別なコンパイラをダウンロードして使用してCSSをコンパイルできる。）

JavaScriptコンポーネントを使用したい場合は、HTML内でjQueryライブラリとともに参照する必要がある。

以下に動作例を示す。以下のHTMLは、公式ドキュメントに従いHTML5とCSS情報で構成された単純な検索フォームと表形式の結果を表す。図は、Mozilla FirefoxVer10の動作例である。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Example of Twitter Bootstrap</title>
    <!-- Include the bootstrap stylesheets -->
    <link href="http://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/twitter-bootstrap/2.3.2/css/bootstrap-combined.no-icons.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
  </head>

  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <h1>Search</h1>
      <label>Example for a simple search form.</label>

      <!-- Search form with input field and button -->
      <form class="well form-search">
        <input type="text" class="input-medium search-query">
        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Search</button>
      </form>

      <h2>Results</h2>

      <!-- Table with alternating cell background color and outer frame -->
      <table class="table table-striped table-bordered">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th>#</th>
            <th>Title</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>Lorem ipsum dolor ...</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>2</td>
            <td>Ut enim ad minim veniam, ...</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>Duis aute irure dolor ...</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <!-- JavaScript placed at the end of the document so the pages load faster -->
    <!-- Optional: Include the jQuery library -->
    <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js"></script>

    <!-- Optional: Incorporate the Bootstrap JavaScript plugins -->
    <script src="http://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/twitter-bootstrap/2.3.2/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

固定レイアウトグリッドの作成

    <div class="row">
      <div class="span4">...</div>
      <div class="span8">...</div>
    </div>

Twitter Bootstrap Ver3.0.0の場合

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-1">1 Column </div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-8">8 Column </div>
  <div class="col-md-4">4 Column </div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-4">4 Column</div>
  <div class="col-md-4">4 Column</div>
  <div class="col-md-4">4 Column</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-6">6 Column</div>
  <div class="col-md-6">6 Column</div>
</div>

ネストした流体レイアウトグリッドでの固定レイアウトグリッドの作成

    <div class="row">
      <div class="span4">
        <div class="row-fluid">
          <div class="4">============================</div>
          <div class="4">...</div>
          <div class="4">...</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="span8">...</div>
    </div>

脚注

^ Bootstrap 3.3.5 released
^ “GitHub: Search Stars>1”. 2013年10月5日閲覧。
^ “NASA - Spot The Station” (2012年11月6日). 2012年11月6日閲覧。
^ “MSNBC - Breaking News” (2012年11月6日). 2012年11月6日閲覧。
^ http://getbootstrap.com/about/
^ http://blog.seosemanticxhtml.com/a-complete-reference-library-of-bootstrap-classes/
^ Blog: Using Twitter Bootstrap with Dojo. Retrieved on 2012-09-18
^ Dojo Toolkit implementation of Twitter Bootstrap. Retrieved on 2012-09-18
^ AMD for asynchronous loading of modules and its dependencies. Retrieved on 2012-09-18
^ http://angular-ui.github.io/bootstrap/

外部リンク

公式サイト
公式ブログ

この項目は、ソフトウェアに関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（PJ:コンピュータ/P:コンピュータ）。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

In general parlance, bootstrapping usually refers to a self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external input. In computer technology the term (usually shortened to booting) usually refers to the process of loading the basic software into the memory of a computer after power-on or general reset, especially the operating system which will then take care of loading other software as needed.

The term appears to have originated in the early 19th century United States (particularly in the phrase "pull oneself over a fence by one's bootstraps"), to mean an absurdly impossible action, an adynaton.^[1]^[2]^[3]

1 Etymology
2 Applications
- 2.1 Computing
  - 2.1.1 Software loading and execution
  - 2.1.2 Software development
  - 2.1.3 Compilers
  - 2.1.4 Installers
  - 2.1.5 Overlay networks
  - 2.1.6 Discrete event simulation
  - 2.1.7 Artificial intelligence and machine learning
- 2.2 Statistics
- 2.3 Business
- 2.4 Biology
  - 2.4.1 Phylogenetics
- 2.5 Law
- 2.6 Linguistics
- 2.7 Physics
- 2.8 Electronics
- 2.9 Electric power grid
- 2.10 Cellular networks
- 2.11 Media
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Etymology

A pair of boots with one bootstrap visible

Tall boots may have a tab, loop or handle at the top known as a bootstrap, allowing one to use fingers or a boot hook tool to help pulling the boots on. The saying "to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps"^[3] was already in use during the 19th century as an example of an impossible task. The idiom dates at least to 1834, when it appeared in the Workingman's Advocate: "It is conjectured that Mr. Murphee will now be enabled to hand himself over the Cumberland river or a barn yard fence by the straps of his boots."^[4] In 1860 it appeared in a comment on metaphysical philosophy: "The attempt of the mind to analyze itself [is] an effort analogous to one who would lift himself by his own bootstraps."^[5] Bootstrap as a metaphor, meaning to better oneself by one's own unaided efforts, was in use in 1922.^[6] This metaphor spawned additional metaphors for a series of self-sustaining processes that proceed without external help.^[7]

The term is sometimes attributed to a story in Rudolf Erich Raspe's The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen, but in that story Baron Munchausen pulls himself (and his horse) out of a swamp by his hair (specifically, his pigtail), not by his bootstraps – and no explicit reference to bootstraps has been found elsewhere in the various versions of the Munchausen tales.^[4]

Applications

Computing

Software loading and execution

Booting is the process of starting a computer, specifically with regard to starting its software. The process involves a chain of stages, in which at each stage a smaller simpler program loads and then executes the larger more complicated program of the next stage. It is in this sense that the computer "pulls itself up by its bootstraps", i.e. it improves itself by its own efforts. Booting is a chain of events that starts with execution of hardware-based procedures and may then hand-off to firmware and software which is loaded into main memory. Booting often involves processes such as performing self-tests, loading configuration settings, loading a BIOS, resident monitors, a hypervisor, an operating system, or utility software.

The computer term bootstrap began as a metaphor in the 1950s. In computers, pressing a bootstrap button caused a hardwired program to read a bootstrap program from an input unit. The computer would then execute the bootstrap program, which caused it to read more program instructions. It became a self-sustaining process that proceeded without external help from manually entered instructions. As a computing term, bootstrap has been used since at least 1953.^[8]

Software development

Bootstrapping can also refer to the development of successively more complex, faster programming environments. The simplest environment will be, perhaps, a very basic text editor (e.g., ed) and an assembler program. Using these tools, one can write a more complex text editor, and a simple compiler for a higher-level language and so on, until one can have a graphical IDE and an extremely high-level programming language.

Historically, bootstrapping also refers to an early technique for computer program development on new hardware. The technique described in this paragraph has been replaced by the use of a cross compiler executed by a pre-existing computer. Bootstrapping in program development began during the 1950s when each program was constructed on paper in decimal code or in binary code, bit by bit (1s and 0s), because there was no high-level computer language, no compiler, no assembler, and no linker. A tiny assembler program was hand-coded for a new computer (for example the IBM 650) which converted a few instructions into binary or decimal code: A1. This simple assembler program was then rewritten in its just-defined assembly language but with extensions that would enable the use of some additional mnemonics for more complex operation codes. The enhanced assembler's source program was then assembled by its predecessor's executable (A1) into binary or decimal code to give A2, and the cycle repeated (now with those enhancements available), until the entire instruction set was coded, branch addresses were automatically calculated, and other conveniences (such as conditional assembly, macros, optimisations, etc.) established. This was how the early assembly program SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program) was developed. Compilers, linkers, loaders, and utilities were then coded in assembly language, further continuing the bootstrapping process of developing complex software systems by using simpler software.

The term was also championed by Doug Engelbart to refer to his belief that organizations could better evolve by improving the process they use for improvement (thus obtaining a compounding effect over time). His SRI team that developed the NLS hypertext system applied this strategy by using the tool they had developed to improve the tool.

Compilers

The development of compilers for new programming languages first developed in an existing language but then rewritten in the new language and compiled by itself, is another example of the bootstrapping notion. Using an existing language to bootstrap a new language is one way to solve the "chicken or the egg" causality dilemma.

Installers

During the installation of computer programs it is sometimes necessary to update the installer or package manager itself. The common pattern for this is to use a small executable bootstrapper file (e.g. setup.exe) which updates the installer and starts the real installation after the update. Sometimes the bootstrapper also installs other prerequisites for the software during the bootstrapping process.

Overlay networks

A bootstrapping node, also known as a rendezvous host,^[9] is a node in an overlay network that provides initial configuration information to newly joining nodes so that they may successfully join the overlay network.^[10]^[11]

Discrete event simulation

A type of computer simulation called discrete event simulation represents the operation of a system as a chronological sequence of events. A technique called bootstrapping the simulation model is used, which bootstraps initial data points using a pseudorandom number generator to schedule an initial set of pending events, which schedule additional events, and with time, the distribution of event times approaches its steady state—the bootstrapping behavior is overwhelmed by steady-state behavior.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning

Bootstrapping is a technique used to iteratively improve a classifier's performance. Seed AI is a hypothesized type of artificial intelligence capable of recursive self-improvement. Having improved itself, it would become better at improving itself, potentially leading to an exponential increase in intelligence. No such AI is known to exist, but it remains an active field of research.

Seed AI is a significant part of some theories about the technological singularity: proponents believe that the development of seed AI will rapidly yield ever-smarter intelligence (via bootstrapping) and thus a new era.^{[citation needed]}

Statistics

Bootstrapping is a resampling technique used to obtain estimates of summary statistics.

Business

Bootstrapping in business means starting a business without external help or capital. Such startups fund the development of their company through internal cash flow and are cautious with their expenses.^[12] Generally at the start of a venture, a small amount of money will be set aside for the bootstrap process.^[13] Bootstrapping can also be a supplement for econometric models.^[14] Bootstrapping was also expanded upon in the book Bootstrap Business, by Richard Christiansen.

Startups can grow by reinvesting profits in its own growth if bootstrapping costs are low and return on investment is high. This financing approach allows owners to maintain control of their business, enables them to focus on customers instead of investors, and forces them to spend with discipline.^[15]
Leveraged buyouts, or highly leveraged or "bootstrap" transactions, occur when an investor acquires a controlling interest in a company's equity and where a significant percentage of the purchase price is financed through leverage, i.e., borrowing.
Bootstrapping in finance refers to the method to create the spot rate curve.
Operation Bootstrap (Operación Manos a la Obra) refers to the ambitious projects that industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century.

Biology

Richard Dawkins in his book River Out of Eden^[16] used the computer bootstrapping concept to explain how biological cells differentiate: "Different cells receive different combinations of chemicals, which switch on different combinations of genes, and some genes work to switch other genes on or off. And so the bootstrapping continues, until we have the full repertoire of different kinds of cells."

Phylogenetics

Bootstrapping analysis gives a way to judge the strength of support for clades on phylogenetic trees. A number is written by a node, which reflects the percentage of bootstrap trees which also resolve the clade at the endpoints of that branch.^[17]

Law

Bootstrapping is a rule preventing the admission of hearsay evidence in conspiracy cases.

Linguistics

Bootstrapping is a theory of language acquisition.

Physics

Bootstrapping is using very general consistency criteria to determine the form of a quantum theory from some assumptions on the spectrum of particles.

Electronics

Bootstrapping is a form of positive feedback in analog circuit design.

Electric power grid

An electric power grid is almost never brought down intentionally. Generators and power stations are started and shut down as necessary. A typical power station requires power for start up prior to being able to generate power. This power is obtained from the grid, so if the entire grid is down these stations cannot be started.

Therefore, to get a grid started, there must be at least a small number of power stations that can start entirely on their own. A black start is the process of restoring a power station to operation without relying on external power. In the absence of grid power, one or more black starts are used to bootstrap the grid.

Cellular networks

A Bootstrapping Server Function (BSF) is an intermediary element in cellular networks which provides application independent functions for mutual authentication of user equipment and servers unknown to each other and for 'bootstrapping' the exchange of secret session keys afterwards. The term 'bootstrapping' is related to building a security relation with a previously unknown device first and to allow installing security elements (keys) in the device and the BSF afterwards.

Media

A media bootstrap is the process whereby a story or meme is deliberately (but artificially) produced by self and peer-referential journalism, originally within a tight circle of media content originators, often commencing with stories written within the same media organization. This story is then expanded into a general media "accepted wisdom" with the aim of having it accepted as self-evident "common knowledge" by the reading, listening and viewing publics. The key feature of a media bootstrap is that as little hard, verifiable, external evidence as possible is used to support the story, preference being given to the citation (often unattributed) of other media stories, i.e. "journalists interviewing journalists".

Because the campaign is usually originated and at least initially concocted internally by a media organization with a particular agenda in mind, within a closed loop of reportage and opinionation, the campaign is said to have "pulled itself up by its own bootstraps".

A bootstrap campaign should be distinguished from a genuine news story of genuine interest, such as a natural disaster that kills thousands, or the death of a respected public figure. It is legitimate for these stories to be given coverage across all media platforms. What distinguishes a bootstrap from a real story is the contrived and organized manner in which the bootstrap appears to come out of nowhere. A bootstrap commonly claims to be tapping a hitherto unrecognized phenomenon within society.

As self-levitating by pulling on one's bootstraps is physically impossible, this is often used by the bootstrappers themselves to deny the possibility that the bootstrap campaign is indeed concocted and artificial. They assert that it has arisen via a groundswell of public opinion. Media campaigns that are openly admitted as concocted (e.g. a public service campaign titled "Let's Clean Up Our City") are usually ignored by other media organizations for reasons related to competition. On the other hand, the true bootstrap welcomes the participation of other media organizations, indeed encourages it, as this participation gains the bootstrap notoriety and, most importantly, legitimacy.

References

^ World Wide Words: Boot, Michael Quinion
^ "bootstraps--speculation/questions" (Mailing list). 2005-08-28.
^ ^a ^b "figurative 'bootstraps'" (Mailing list). 2005-08-11.
^ ^a ^b Jan Freeman, Bootstraps and Baron Munchausen, Boston.com, January 27, 2009
^ Jan Freeman, The unkindliest cut, Boston.com, January 25, 2009
^ Ulysses cited in the Oxford English Dictionary
^ Phrase Finder
^ Buchholz, Werner (1953). "The System Design of the IBM Type 701 Computer". Proceedings of the I.R.E. 41 (10): 1273. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1953.274300.
^ Francis, Paul (2000-04-02). "Yoid: Extending the Internet Multicast Architecture" (PDF). www.aciri.org. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
^ Traversat; et al. (2006-06-20). "US Patent 7,065,579". Retrieved 2008-12-23.
^ Saxena; et al. (2003). "Admission Control in Peer-to-Peer: Design and Performance Evaluation" (PDF). In ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN) 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
^ The Art of the Bootstrap, Venture Beat
^ Bootstrap
^ J. Scott Armstrong (2001). "Judgmental Bootstrapping: Inferring Experts= Rules for Forecasting" (PDF). Principles of Forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners (Kluwer Academic Publishers).
^ Bootstrapping in Entrepreneurship
^ Richard Dawkins, River Out of Eden, pages 23-25, 1995 (paper) ISBN 0-465-06990-8
^ Bradley Efron, Elizabeth Halloran, and Susan Holmes (1996). "Bootstrap confidence levels for phylogenetic trees" (PDF). PNAS 93 (23). doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.13429. Retrieved 11 June 2013.

External links

Pull straps for boots
Dictionary.com entries for Bootstrap
Freedictionary.com entries for Bootstrap
A video talk by Douglas Engelbart on Bootstrapping on YouTube
Engelbart Institute on Bootstrapping Strategies

English Journal

Genetic structure and population diversity of eleven edible herbs of Eastern Crete.

Psaroudaki A1, Nikoloudakis N2, Skaracis G3, Katsiotis A2.
Journal of biological research (Thessalonikē, Greece).J Biol Res (Thessalon).2015 May 30;22(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s40709-015-0030-7. eCollection 2015.
BACKGROUND: The present work aimed to investigate the genetic structure of 11 edible herbs grown in the wild of eastern Crete that are becoming vulnerable due to habitat destruction and unregulated harvesting. Thirty three populations (268 individuals) of Reichardia picroides, Scolymus hispanicus, S
PMID 26140277

Quantification of proteome changes in bovine muscle from two-dimensional electrophoresis data.

Franco D1, Mato A2, Salgado FJ3, López-Pedrouso M2, Carrera M4, Bravo S5, Parrado M2, Gallardo JM4, Zapata C2.
Data in brief.Data Brief.2015 May 7;4:100-4. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.04.011. eCollection 2015.
Proteome changes in the longissimus thoracis bovine muscle in response to pre-slaughter stress were assessed on the basis of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) data. In this study, the bootstrap resampling statistical technique and a new measure of relative change of the volume of 2-DE protein s
PMID 26217771

Prognostic model of survival for typical bronchial carcinoid tumours: analysis of 1109 patients on behalf of the European Association of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) Neuroendocrine Tumours Working Group†.

Filosso PL1, Guerrera F2, Evangelista A3, Welter S4, Thomas P5, Casado PM6, Rendina EA7, Venuta F7, Ampollini L8, Brunelli A9, Stella F10, Nosotti M11, Raveglia F12, Larocca V13, Rena O14, Margaritora S15, Ardissone F16, Travis WD17, Sarkaria I18, Sagan D19; ESTS NETs-WG Steering Committee.
European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg.2015 Sep;48(3):441-7. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu495. Epub 2015 Jan 5.
OBJECTIVES: Typical carcinoids (TCs) are uncommon, slow-growing neoplasms, usually with high 5-year survival rates. As these are rare tumours, their management is still based on small clinical observations and no international guidelines exist. Based on the European Society of Thoracic Surgeon Neuro
PMID 25564217

Japanese Journal

Testing for additivity in nonparametric quantile regression

Dette Holger,Guhlich Matthias,Neumeyer Natalie
Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 67(3), 437–477, 2015-06
NAID 40020457796

Testing regression models with selection-biased data

Ojeda J. L.,Gonzalez-Manteiga W.,Cristobal J. A.
Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 67(3), 411-436, 2015-06
NAID 40020457775

ブートストラップ法による安静時心電図QT間隔基準値の区間推定

宮原英夫,後藤寛司
豊橋創造大学紀要 = Bulletin of Toyohashi Sozo University (19), 35-44, 2015-03-27
NAID 120005602405

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[1] Bootstrap 3.3.5 released

[2] “GitHub: Search Stars>1”. 2013年10月5日閲覧。

[3] “NASA - Spot The Station” (2012年11月6日). 2012年11月6日閲覧。

[4] “MSNBC - Breaking News” (2012年11月6日). 2012年11月6日閲覧。

[5] ttp://getbootstrap.com/about/

[6] ttp://blog.seosemanticxhtml.com/a-complete-reference-library-of-bootstrap-classes/

[7] Blog: Using Twitter Bootstrap with Dojo. Retrieved on 2012-09-18

[8] Dojo Toolkit implementation of Twitter Bootstrap. Retrieved on 2012-09-18

[9] AMD for asynchronous loading of modules and its dependencies. Retrieved on 2012-09-18

[10] ttp://angular-ui.github.io/bootstrap/

[1] World Wide Words: Boot, Michael Quinion

[linguist-listserv-2] "bootstraps--speculation/questions" (Mailing list). 2005-08-28.

[examples-3] "figurative 'bootstraps'" (Mailing list). 2005-08-11.

[Freeman1-4] Jan Freeman, Bootstraps and Baron Munchausen, Boston.com, January 27, 2009

[5] Jan Freeman, The unkindliest cut, Boston.com, January 25, 2009

[6] Ulysses cited in the Oxford English Dictionary

[7] Phrase Finder

[8] Buchholz, Werner (1953). "The System Design of the IBM Type 701 Computer". Proceedings of the I.R.E. 41 (10): 1273. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1953.274300.

[Francis01-9] Francis, Paul (2000-04-02). "Yoid: Extending the Internet Multicast Architecture" (PDF). www.aciri.org. Retrieved 2008-12-24.

[sun01-10] Traversat; et al. (2006-06-20). "US Patent 7,065,579". Retrieved 2008-12-23.

[Saxena01-11] Saxena; et al. (2003). "Admission Control in Peer-to-Peer: Design and Performance Evaluation" (PDF). In ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN) 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-24.

[12] The Art of the Bootstrap, Venture Beat

[Bootstrap-13] Bootstrap

[14] J. Scott Armstrong (2001). "Judgmental Bootstrapping: Inferring Experts= Rules for Forecasting" (PDF). Principles of Forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners (Kluwer Academic Publishers).

[15] Bootstrapping in Entrepreneurship

[16] Richard Dawkins, River Out of Eden, pages 23-25, 1995 (paper) ISBN 0-465-06990-8

[17] Bradley Efron, Elizabeth Halloran, and Susan Holmes (1996). "Bootstrap confidence levels for phylogenetic trees" (PDF). PNAS 93 (23). doi:10.1073/pnas.93.23.13429. Retrieved 11 June 2013.

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