関: diabody

WordNet

any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response

PrepTutorEJDIC

抗体,免疫体,抗毒素

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/15 08:58:13」(JST)

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A bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsMAb, BsAb) is an artificial protein that is composed of fragments of two different monoclonal antibodies and consequently binds to two different types of antigen. The most widely used application of this approach is in cancer immunotherapy, where BsMAbs are engineered that simultaneously bind to a cytotoxic cell (using a receptor like CD3) and a target like a tumour cell to be destroyed.^[1]^[2]

Structure

Three types of bispecific antibodies: trifunctional antibody, chemically linked Fab and bi-specific T-cell engager (bottom row). Parts of the two different antibodies are coloured blue and green, respectively.

In order to overcome manufacturing difficulties, a first-generation BsMAb, called trifunctional antibody, has been developed. It consists of two heavy and two light chains, one each from two different antibodies. The two Fab regions (the arms) are directed against two antigens. The Fc region (the foot) is made up from the two heavy chains and forms the third binding site; hence the name.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Other types of bispecific antibodies have been designed to overcome certain problems, such as short half-life, immunogenicity and side-effects caused by cytokine liberation. They include chemically linked Fabs, consisting only of the Fab regions, and various types of bivalent and trivalent single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), fusion proteins mimicking the variable domains of two antibodies. The furthest developed of these newer formats are the bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs)^[4] and mAb2's, antibodies engineered to contain an Fcab antigen-binding fragment instead of the Fc constant region.^[5]^[6]

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of a BsMAb, exemplified by catumaxomab, representing the first approved bispecific trifunctional antibody.

Of the two paratopes that form the tops of the variable domains, one can be directed against a tumour antigen and the other against a T-lymphocyte antigen like CD3. In the case of trifunctional antibodies, the Fc region additionally binds to a cell that expresses Fc receptors, like a macrophage, a natural killer cell or a dendritic cell. In sum, the tumour cell is connected to one or two cells of the immune system, which subsequently destroy it.^[3]^[4]

Advantages over ordinary monoclonal antibodies

Cancer immunotherapy with ordinary monoclonal antibodies does not activate T-lymphocytes because this type of cell does not possess Fc receptors, so the Fc region cannot bind to them, and the Fab regions are already used for binding the tumour cells.^[7] Bispecific antibodies have a higher cytotoxic potential. They bind to antigens that are expressed relatively weakly.^[8] The effective dose is around 0.01 mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹ (milligrams per square metre body surface area per day), several orders of magnitude lower than with ordinary antibodies.^[7]

References

This article incorporates public domain material from the U.S. National Cancer Institute document "Dictionary of Cancer Terms".

^ ^a ^b Mueller, D; Kontermann, RE (2010). "Bispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy". Biodrugs 24 (2): 89–98. doi:10.2165/11530960-000000000-00000. PMID 20199124.
^ ^a ^b Chames, P; Baty, D (2009). "Bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy: The light at the end of the tunnel". MAbs 1 (6): 539–547. doi:10.4161/mabs.1.6.10015. PMC 2791310. PMID 20073127.
^ ^a ^b Lindhofer, H; Mocikat, R; Steipe, B; Thierfelder, S (1 July 1995). "Preferential species-restricted heavy/light chain pairing in rat/mouse quadromas. Implications for a single-step purification of bispecific antibodies". Journal of Immunology (Journal of Immunology) 155 (1): 219–25. PMID 7602098.
^ ^a ^b Baeuerle, PA; Reinhardt, C (2009). "Bispecific T-cell engaging antibodies for cancer therapy". Cancer Res 69 (12): 4941–4944. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0547. PMID 19509221.
^ Wozniak-Knopp G, Bartl S, Bauer A, Mostageer M, Woisetschläger M, Antes B, Ettl K, Kainer M, Weberhofer G, Wiederkum S, Himmler G, Mudde GC, Rüker F. (2010). "Introducing antigen-binding sites in structural loops of immunoglobulin constant domains: Fc fragments with engineered HER2/neu-binding sites and antibody properties.". Protein Eng Des 23 (4): 289–297. doi:10.1093/protein/gzq005. PMID 20150180.
^ http://www.f-star.com/bispecific-mAb2.php
^ ^a ^b Bargou, R; Leo, E; Zugmaier, G; Klinger, M; Goebeler, M; Knop, S; Noppeney, R; Viardot, A et al. (2008). "Tumor regression in cancer patients by very low doses of a T cell-engaging antibody". Science 321 (5891): 974–977. doi:10.1126/science.1158545. PMID 18703743.
^ Weiner, LM; Holmes, M; Richeson, A; Godwin, A; Adams, GP; Hsieh-Ma, ST; Ring, DB; Alpaugh, RK (1993). "Binding and cytotoxicity characteristics of the bispecific murine monoclonal antibody 2B1". Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 151 (5): 2877–86. PMID 8103070.

External links

Bispecific monoclonal antibody entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
Bispecific antibodies at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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English Journal

A single-domain antibody-linked Fab bispecific antibody Her2-S-Fab has potent cytotoxicity against Her2-expressing tumor cells.

Li A1,2, Xing J1,2, Li L1,2, Zhou C1,2, Dong B1,2, He P1,2, Li Q3,4, Wang Z5,6.
AMB Express.AMB Express.2016 Dec;6(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s13568-016-0201-4. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
Her2, which is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer, is one of the most studied tumor-associated antigens for cancer therapy. Anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, has achieved significant clinical benefits in metastatic breast cancer. In this study, we describe a novel bispecific antibod
PMID 27112931

In vitro selection of bispecific diabody fragments using covalent bicistronic DNA display.

Nakayama M1, Komiya S1, Fujiwara K1, Horisawa K1, Doi N2.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2016 Sep 16;478(2):606-11. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.113. Epub 2016 Jul 27.
Bispecific antibodies with two different antigen-binding sites have been widely used for a variety of medical applications. The activity and stability of antibody fragments can be improved by in vitro evolution. Although the affinity and stability of small bispecific antibody fragments such as diab
PMID 27473655

A bispecific anti-ErbB2 antibody potently induces ErbB2 internalization and suppresses ErbB2-overexpressing tumor growth.

Zhang Y1, Wang L1, Chong X1, Yu X1, Meng Y2, Dong J3, Wang C1, Wang H1, Yang Y1, Xia T1, Zhao J1, Li B4.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2016 Sep 2;477(4):755-60. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.131. Epub 2016 Jun 27.
The anti-ErbB2 humanized antibody trastuzumab was approved for ErbB2-positive metastatic gastric and gastro-esophageal junction cancer in 2010. Despite the effectiveness of trastuzumab, its efficacy remains variable and often modest. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve ErbB2-targeting therapy.
PMID 27363335