WordNet

of, pertaining to, or occurring in both polar regions; "the bipolar distribution of certain species"
having two poles
of or relating to manic depressive illness

PrepTutorEJDIC

(地球の北極と南極のように)二極がある / 両極の(にある)
神経単位,神経細胞,ニューロン,ノイロン

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/13 12:04:26」(JST)

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A bipolar cell is a type of neuron which has two extensions. Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.

Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve,^[1] and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent (motor) signals to control muscles.

The four types of retinal neurons are bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

Bipolar cells in retina

Oftentimes found in the retina, bipolar cells are crucial as they serve as both direct and indirect cell pathways. The specific location of the bipolar cells allow them to facilitate the pathway of signals both where they start in the receptors as well as where they arrive at the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells in the retina are also unique as they do not fire impulses like the other cells found within the retina. Rather, bipolar cells have a receptive-field that surrounds them. Therefore, bipolar cells may exist as off-center or on-center. The off-center bipolar cells possess excitatory relationships with the synapses and are depolarized by light. On-center bipolar cells have inhibitory synapses and therefore are suppressed in the dark.^[2]

Bipolar cells in vestibular nerve

Bipolar neurons exist within the vestibular nerve as it is responsible for special sensory sensations including hearing, equilibrium and motion detection. The majority of the bipolar neurons belonging to the vestibular nerve exist within the vestibular ganglion with axons extending into the maculae of utricle and saccule as well as into the ampullae of the semicircular canals.^[3]

Bipolar cells in spinal ganglia

Bipolar cells are also found in the spinal ganglia, when the cells are in an embryonic condition.

Sometimes the extensions, also called processes, come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle shape; in other cells both processes emerge at the same point.

In some cases where two fibers are apparently connected with a cell, one of the fibers is really derived from an adjoining nerve cell and is passing to end in a ramification around the ganglion cell, or, again, it may be coiled helically around the nerve process which is issuing from the cell.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Bipolar+cell at eMedicine Dictionary
^ David Hubel's Eye, Brain and, Vision, [1]
^ Clinically Oriented Anatomy, [2]

UpToDate Contents

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1. 急速交代性の双極性障害：疫学、病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 rapid cycling bipolar disorder epidemiology pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis
2. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症およびその他の運動ニューロン疾患の臨床的特徴 clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other forms of motor neuron disease
3. 高齢者の双極性障害：維持療法および予後 geriatric bipolar disorder maintenance treatment and prognosis
4. 成人における双極性障害：抗うつ剤による大うつ病エピソードの治療 bipolar disorder in adults treating major depression with antidepressants
5. 成人における双極性障害：第2世代抗精神病薬による大うつ病の治療 bipolar disorder in adults treating major depression with second generation antipsychotics

English Journal

Histamine receptors of cones and horizontal cells in Old World monkey retinas.

Vila A, Satoh H, Rangel C, Mills SL, Hoshi H, O'Brien J, Marshak DR, Macleish PR, Marshak DW.SourceDepartment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical School, University of Texas at Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
The Journal of comparative neurology.J Comp Neurol.2012 Feb 15;520(3):528-43. doi: 10.1002/cne.22731.
In primates the retina receives input from histaminergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamus that are active during the day. In order to understand how this input contributes to information processing in Old World monkey retinas, we have been localizing histamine receptors (HR) and studying the ef
PMID 21800315

Japanese Journal

変異 Polg1 トランスジェニックマウスの双極性障害動物モデルとしての有用性

窪田美恵,加藤忠史
日本生物学的精神医学会誌 = Japanese journal of biological psychiatry 22(2), 109-116, 2011-06-25
NAID 10029785611

メモリスタ-CMOSハイブリッド回路による非対称STDPシナプスデバイス

安達琢,赤穂伸雄,浅井哲也 [他],本村真人
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. NLP, 非線形問題 111(106), 65-70, 2011-06-23
メモリスタを用いた非対称の時間窓を持つSTDPシナプスデバイスを提案する。メモリスタ(抵抗変化型メモリ:ReRAM),キャパシタ,二つのpMOSFET,および四つのnMOSFETを用いてデバイスを構成した.まず,ReRAMの特性,および本研究で使用するバイポーラ型ReRAMのモデルについて説明する.次に,本研究を行う上で参考となった先行研究の回路動作(STDP特性における時間的因果領域のみを模擬す …
NAID 110008746242

活動電位を再現する電子回路ニューロンモデル研究からの考察(BCI/BMIとその周辺)

前田義信,林豊彦,加納慎一郎 [他],塚田章
電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. MBE, MEとバイオサイバネティックス 109(279), 47-50, 2009-11-05
本稿では,生体における情報の基本単位として考えられているニューロンの活動電位を定性的に再現する電子回路モデルについて概説する.定電圧源,抵抗,コンデンサ,バイポーラトランジスタから成る回路モデルは八木,星宮によって構築され(以下,YH回路モデル),関根によってFETを用いたモデルへと拡張化されてきた.前田は自律的にバースト放電を生成するモデルや,心筋細胞に観察されるプラトー電位を再現するモデルへと …
NAID 110007521379

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「双極性ニューロン」
拡張検索	「midget bipolar neuron」
関連記事	「bipolar」「neuro」

「双極性ニューロン」

Bipolar neuron
	Bipolar nerve cell from the spinal ganglion of the pike.
Details
Latin	neuron bipolare
Identifiers
Gray's	p.722
Code	TH H2.00.06.1.00050
Dorlands; /Elsevier	c_18/12222719
	Anatomical terminology

　　[★]

英: bipolar neuron
関: 双極ニューロン

[show details]

双極ニューロン : 約 268 件
双極性ニューロン : 約 12,500 件

「midget bipolar neuron」

　　[★] 矮小双極ニューロン

「bipolar」

　　[★]

adj.

双極性の、双極型の、双極の、二極性の、バイポラーの

関: dipolar

「neuro」

　　[★]

comb form.

ニューロ、神経

関: nerve、nervi、nervous、nervus、neural、neuron

[1] Bipolar+cell at eMedicine Dictionary

[2] David Hubel's Eye, Brain and, Vision, [1]

[3] Clinically Oriented Anatomy, [2]

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案内

bipolar neuron