WordNet

the rhythmic property imparted by the accents and relative durations of notes in a piece of music
the quality of recurring at regular intervals (同)periodicity

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/14 21:21:48」(JST)

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Biorhythm chart over the first 66-day period after birth:

Physical Emotional Intellectual

A biorhythm (from Greek βίος - bios, "life"^[1] and ῥυθμός - rhuthmos, "any regular recurring motion, rhythm"^[2]) is an attempt to predict various aspects of a person's life through simple mathematical cycles. Most scientists believe that the idea has no more predictive power than chance^[3] and consider the concept an example of pseudoscience.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Theory

Basic rhythm details

Physical cycle
- 23 days; Circavigintan
- coordination
- strength
- well-being
Emotional cycle
- 28 days; Circatrigintan
- creativity
- sensitivity
- mood
- perception
- awareness
Intellectual cycle
- 33 days; Circatrigintan
- alertness
- analytical functioning
- logical analysis
- memory or recall
- communication

According to the theory of biorhythms, a person's life is influenced by rhythmic biological cycles that affect his or her ability in various domains, such as mental, physical and emotional activity. These cycles begin at birth and oscillate in a steady (sine wave) fashion throughout life, and by modeling them mathematically, it is suggested that a person's level of ability in each of these domains can be predicted from day to day. The theory is built on the idea that the biofeedback chemical and hormonal secretion functions within the body could show a sinusoidal behavior over time.

Most biorhythm models use three cycles: a 23-day physical cycle, a 28-day emotional cycle, and a 33-day intellectual cycle.^[8] Although the 28-day cycle is the same length as the average woman's menstrual cycle and was originally described as a "female" cycle (see below), the two are not necessarily in any particular synchronization. Each of these cycles varies between high and low extremes sinusoidally, with days where the cycle crosses the zero line described as "critical days" of greater risk or uncertainty.

In addition to the three popular cycles, various other cycles have been proposed, based on linear combination of the three, or on longer or shorter rhythms.^[9]

Calculation

The equations for the cycles are:

physical: ,
emotional: ,
intellectual: ,

where indicates the number of days since birth.^{[citation needed]}

Basic arithmetic shows that the simpler 23- and 28-day cycles repeats every 644 days (or 1-3/4 years), while the triple 23-, 28-, and 33-day cycles repeats every 21,252 days (or 58.2+ years).

History

The notion of periodic cycles in human fortunes is ancient; for instance, it is found in natal astrology and in folk beliefs about "lucky days". The 23- and 28-day rhythms used by biorhythmists, however, were first devised in the late 19th century by Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin physician and patient of Sigmund Freud. Fliess believed that he observed regularities at 23- and 28-day intervals in a number of phenomena, including births and deaths. He labeled the 23-day rhythm "male" and the 28-day rhythm "female", matching the menstrual cycle.

In 1904, psychology professor Hermann Swoboda claimed to have independently discovered the same cycles. Later, Alfred Teltscher, professor of engineering at the University of Innsbruck, came to the conclusion that his students' good and bad days followed a rhythmic pattern of 33 days. Teltscher believed that the brain's ability to absorb, mental ability, and alertness ran in 33-day cycles.^[9] One of the first academic researchers of biorhythms was also Estonian-born Nikolai Pärna, who published a book in German called Rhythm, Life and Creation in 1923.

The practice of consulting biorhythms was popularized in the 1970s by a series of books by Bernard Gittelson, including Biorhythm — A Personal Science, Biorhythm Charts of the Famous and Infamous, and Biorhythm Sports Forecasting. Gittelson's company, Biorhythm Computers, Inc., made a business selling personal biorhythm charts and calculators, but his ability to predict sporting events was not substantiated.^[10]

Charting biorhythms for personal use was popular in the United States during the 1970s; many places (especially video arcades and amusement areas) had a biorhythm machine that provided charts upon entry of date of birth. Biorhythm charts were common in newspapers, usually found with horoscopes, at the time as well. Biorhythm programs were a common application on personal computers; and in the late 1970s, there were also handheld biorhythm calculators on the market, the Kosmos 1 and the Casio Biolator.^[11]^[12] Though biorhythms have declined in popularity, there are numerous websites on the Internet that offer free biorhythm readings. In addition, there exist free and proprietary software programs that offer more advanced charting and analysis capabilities.

Plausibility

There have been some three dozen studies supporting biorhythm theory, but all of them have suffered from methodological and statistical errors.^[13] An examination of some 134 biorhythm studies found that the theory is not valid.^[13]

Supporters continued defending the theory after Terence Hines's review of 134 studies, causing other scientists to consider the field as pseudoscience:

An examination of some 134 biorhythm studies found that the theory is not valid (Hines, 1998). It is empirically testable and has been shown to be false. Terence Hines believes that this fact implies that biorhythm theory 'can not be properly termed a pseudoscientific theory'. However, when the advocates of an empirically testable theory refuse to give up the theory in the face of overwhelming evidence against it, it seems reasonable to call the theory pseudoscientific. For, in fact, the adherents to such a theory have declared by their behaviour that there is nothing that could falsify it, yet they continue to claim the theory is scientific. (from Carroll's "The Skeptic's Dictionary")^[7]^:175

The physiologist Gordon Stein in the book Encyclopedia of Hoaxes (1993) has written:

Both the theoretical underpinning and the practical scientific verification of biorhythm theory are lacking. Without those, biorhythms became just another pseudoscientific claim that people are willing to accept without required evidence. Those pushing biorhythm calculators and books on a gullible public are guilty of making fraudulent claims. They are hoaxers of the public if they know what they are saying has no factual justification.^[14]

However it should be borne in mind that this argument is philosophically unsound. A failure of a theory against evidence does not prove the theory false. It simply means that at the very least that particular formulation needs revising. Most theories begin with extensively contradictory evidence and inadequate formulation. Even Einstein's theories were initially 'disproved', and the theory of plate techtonics was also regularly disproved until a revised version proved correct. Similar dismissals as unscientific were made of acupuncture. If scientists gave up theories every time they were 'disproved' scientific progress would be substantially compromised.

References

^ βίος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ ῥυθμός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ "Effects of circadian rhythm phase alteration on physiological and psychological variables: Implications to pilot performance (including a partially annotated bibliography)". NASA-TM-81277. NASA. 1981-03-01. Retrieved 2011-05-25. "No evidence exists to support the concept of biorhythms; in fact, scientific data refute their existence."
^ Carroll, Robert Todd. "Biorhythms". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-02-21. "The theory of biorhythms is a pseudoscientific theory that claims our daily lives are significantly affected by rhythmic cycles overlooked by scientists who study biological rhythms."
^ Clark Glymour, Douglas Stalker (1990). "Winning through pseudoscience". In Patrick Grim. ? Philosophy of science and the occult. SUNY series in philosophy (2, revised ed.). SUNY Press. pp. 92, 94. ISBN 978-0-7914-0204-7. They'll cheerfully empty their pockets to anyone with a twinkle in their eye and a pseudoscience in their pocket. Astrology, biorhythms, ESP, numerology, astral projection, scientology, UFOlogy, pyramid power, psychic surgeons, Atlantis real state (...). (...) your pseudoscience will have better sales potential if it makes use of a mysterious device, or a lot of calculations (but simple calculations) (...) The great models [of this sales potential] are astrology and biorhythms (...) CS1 maint: Extra text (link).
^ Raimo Toumela (1987). "Science, Protoscience and Pseudoscience". In Joseph C. Pitt, Marcello Pera. Rational changes in science: essays on scientific reasoning. Boston studies in the philosophy of science 98 (illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 94, 96. ISBN 978-90-277-2417-5. If we take such pseudosciences as astrology, the theory of biorhythms, suitable parts of parapsychology, homeopathy and faith healing (...) Such examples of pseudoscience as the theory of biorhythms, astrology, dianetics, creationism, [and] faith healing may seem too obvious examples of pseudoscience for academic readers. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
^ ^a ^b Stefan Ploch (2003). "Metatheoretical problems in phonology with Occam's Razor and non-ad-hoc-ness". In Jonathan Kaye, Stefan Ploch. Living on the edge: 28 papers in honour of Jonathan Kaye. Studies in generative grammar. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 166, 174–176, 186, footnotes 15 and 17 in page 199. ISBN 978-3-11-017619-3. the following quote about the pseudoscientific biorhythm theory [p. 174–175] (...) we can eliminate ad hoc hypotheses (i.e. arbitrariness) that are the hallmark of all pseudosciences (astrology, biorhythm theory, (...) [p. 176] Unfortunately, in the case of the most socially successful [not scientific] theories, just as in the case of astrology and biorhythm "theory", we are dealing with something that resembles quackery closely. [p.186] (...) what matters is that falsifying data is systematically discounted in this pseudotheory. [p. 199] .
^ These cycles are to be adjusted based on the person's personal day clock which may run from 22 hours to 27 hours although 23-25 is the norm. Two ways you can find your personal day clock is grip test and body temperature every 15 minutes for a few days or easier same time each day for a few months.
^ ^a ^b http://www.skepdic.com/biorhyth.html
^ Hoffmann, Frank W., and William G. Bailey, Mind and Society Fads, 1992.
^ http://www.vintage-technology.info/pages/calculators/k/kosmos1.htm
^ http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=326
^ ^a ^b Hines, Terence (1998). "Comprehensive Review of Biorhythm Theory" (PDF (summary)). Psychological Reports 83 (1): 19–64. doi:10.2466/PR0.83.5.19-64. PMID 9775660. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
^ Stein, Gordon. (1993). Encyclopedia of Hoaxes. Gale Group. p. 161. ISBN 0-8103-8414-0

External links

Biorhythms at DMOZ

English Journal

Tug-of-war between opposing molecular motors explains chromosomal oscillation during mitosis.

Sutradhar S1, Paul R2.Author information 1Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: sspss3@iacs.res.in.2Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: ssprp@iacs.res.in.AbstractChromosomes move towards and away from the centrosomes during the mitosis. This oscillation is observed when the kinetochore, a specific protein structure on the chromosome is captured by centrosome-nucleated polymer called microtubules. We present a computational model, incorporating activities of various molecular motors and microtubule dynamics, to demonstrate the observed oscillation. The model is robust and is not restricted to any particular cell type. Quantifying the average velocity, amplitude and periodicity of the chromosomal oscillation, we compare numerical results with the available experimental data. Our analysis supports a tug-of-war like mechanism between opposing motors that changes the course of chromosomal oscillation. It turns out that, various modes of oscillation can be fully understood by assembling the dynamics of molecular motors. Near the stall regime, when opposing motors are engaged in a tug-of-war, sufficiently large kinetochore-microtubule generated force may prolong the stall durations.
Journal of theoretical biology.J Theor Biol.2014 Mar 7;344:56-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.11.023. Epub 2013 Dec 10.
Chromosomes move towards and away from the centrosomes during the mitosis. This oscillation is observed when the kinetochore, a specific protein structure on the chromosome is captured by centrosome-nucleated polymer called microtubules. We present a computational model, incorporating activities of
PMID 24333041

Fibronectin Antibody Labels Corneal Stromal Collagen Fibrils In Situ Along Their Length and Circumference and Demonstrates Distinct Staining Along the Cell and Stromal Interfaces of Descemet's Membrane.

Gordon SR.Author information Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University , Rochester, MI , USA.AbstractAbstract Purpose/Aim of the study: An immunoperoxidase cytochemical study of fibronectin localization in the rat corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane was conducted following organ culture to determine whether stromal swelling allowed better primary antibody penetration into the normally tough fibrous corneal stroma. Materials and Methods: Following 24 h organ culture, corneas were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed and stained overnight at 4 °C in anti-fibronectin followed by washing and incubation in an appropriate secondary antibody and exposure to protein A-HRP. Cytochemical processing was carried out in a DAB-containing medium followed by dehydration and Epon embedding. Results: Observations of the stromal lamellae revealed the presence of a novel punctate staining pattern along the length of the collagen fibrils that extended around the fibril's circumference. Measurements on the peroxidase reaction product spacing indicated a periodicity of approximately 20.69 ± 3.57 nm along the fibril's length. Light microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of fibronectin staining occurred within the endothelial cell layer but only along the DM/stromal interface. Electron microscopic observations however, revealed that fibronectin staining occurred in distinct linear patterns along the length of both the endothelial and stromal DM interfaces. Discussion: Results indicate that organ culture mediated swelling helps facilitate the penetration of primary antibody into the corneal stroma. Observations suggest a novel association exists between fibronectin and stromal collagen fibrils that helps to mediate the arrangement and organization of the stromal extracellular matrix. Results also definitively indicate that fibronectin is deposited along both DM interfaces suggesting that it plays a role in the adhesion of both the endothelial cell layer and stroma to Descemet's membrane to help maintain the tissue architecture within this region of the cornea.
Current eye research.Curr Eye Res.2014 Mar;39(3):312-6. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.841260. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
Abstract Purpose/Aim of the study: An immunoperoxidase cytochemical study of fibronectin localization in the rat corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane was conducted following organ culture to determine whether stromal swelling allowed better primary antibody penetration into the normally tough fibr
PMID 24144005

Spontaneous construction of nanoperiodic architecture by two-dimensional self-assembly of an amphiphilic peptide-polyethylene glycol conjugate at the solid/water interface.

Tanaka M1, Abiko S2, Koshikawa N3, Katsuta M3, Kinoshita T2.Author information 1Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan. Electronic address: tanaka.masayoshi@nitech.ac.jp.2Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.3Space Environment Utilization Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan.AbstractAn amphiphilic peptide derivative, conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) via the C-terminus, spontaneously assembled into nanodot and nanofiber arrays aligned with nanometer periodicity at the solid/water interface. The obtained planar structure was precisely controlled by the β-sheet conformation of the peptide on the surface, while the peptide segment adopted a random-coil in aqueous solution. The peptide and PEG segments were hierarchically segregated after the peptide-PEG conjugate was adsorbed on the substrate, and the peptide segment transitioned from a random-coil to a β-sheet conformation specifically at the solid/water interface. In this 2D self-assembly, the high dispersity of the peptide-PEG molecule in solution such that it exists as single molecules is essential for improving the uniformity of the 2D patterned nanostructures. The secondary structure based on the peptide segment was controlled by pH of the solution. Configuration of the peptide-PEG conjugate was also controlled by the temperature of the solution, which depended on the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the PEG segments. The variation in concentration of the peptide-PEG conjugate drastically influenced the morphologies of the 2D nanostructures because of the difference in the adsorbed amounts at equilibrium.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2014 Mar 1;417:137-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.11.054. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
An amphiphilic peptide derivative, conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) via the C-terminus, spontaneously assembled into nanodot and nanofiber arrays aligned with nanometer periodicity at the solid/water interface. The obtained planar structure was precisely controlled by the β-sheet conformatio
PMID 24407669

Japanese Journal

長期キャンプ（30 泊 31 日）が子どもの生体リズムに及ぼす生化学的影響

野井真吾,鹿野晶子,土田豊 [他],小澤治夫
発育発達研究 2013(58), 25-33, 2013
There has been much concern lately regarding the increasingly late hour at which children to go sleep, as well as their shortened sleeping hours. For this reason, solutions are sought for addressing t …
NAID 130003375393