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physics as applied to biological problems

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生物物理学(生物の構造や作用を物理学的道範研究する生物学の一部門)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/10/24 11:07:01」(JST)

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Photosynthetic reaction center.

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of, and theories from, physics to study biological systems.^[1] Biophysics spans all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with biochemistry, nanotechnology, bioengineering, agrophysics and systems biology.

Molecular biophysics typically addresses biological questions similar to those in biochemistry and molecular biology, but more quantitatively. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis, as well as how these interactions are regulated. A great variety of techniques are used to answer these questions.

Fluorescent imaging techniques, as well as electron microscopy, x-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are often used to visualize structures of biological significance. Conformational change in structure can be measured using techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry and circular dichroism. Direct manipulation of molecules using optical tweezers or AFM can also be used to monitor biological events where forces and distances are at the nanoscale. Molecular biophysicists often consider complex biological events as systems of interacting units which can be understood through statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. By drawing knowledge and experimental techniques from a wide variety of disciplines, biophysicists are often able to directly observe, model or even manipulate the structures and interactions of individual molecules or complexes of molecules.

In addition to traditional (i.e. molecular and cellular) biophysical topics like structural biology or enzyme kinetics, modern biophysics encompasses an extraordinarily broad range of research, from bioelectronics to quantum biology involving both experimental and theoretical tools. It is becoming increasingly common for biophysicists to apply the models and experimental techniques derived from physics, as well as mathematics and statistics (see biomathematics), to larger systems such as tissues, organs, populations and ecosystems.

Focus as a subfield

Generally, biophysics does not have university-level departments of its own, but has presence as groups across departments within the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, physics, and neuroscience. What follows is a list of examples of how each department applies its efforts toward the study of biophysics. This list is hardly all inclusive. Nor does each subject of study belong exclusively to any particular department. Each academic institution makes its own rules and there is much overlap between departments.

Biology and molecular biology - Almost all forms of biophysics efforts are included in some biology department somewhere. To include some: gene regulation, single protein dynamics, bioenergetics, patch clamping, biomechanics.
Structural biology - Ångstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereof.
Biochemistry and chemistry - biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships.
Computer science - Neural networks, biomolecular and drug databases.
Computational chemistry - molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking, quantum chemistry
Bioinformatics - sequence alignment, structural alignment, protein structure prediction
Mathematics - graph/network theory, population modeling, dynamical systems, phylogenetics.
Medicine and neuroscience - tackling neural networks experimentally (brain slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane permitivity, gene therapy, understanding tumors.
Pharmacology and physiology - channel biology, biomolecular interactions, cellular membranes, polyketides.
Physics - negentropy, stochastic processes, covering dynamics.
Quantum biophysics involves quantum information processing of coherent states, entanglement between coherent protons and transcriptase components, and replication of decohered isomers to yield time-dependent base substitutions. These studies imply applications in quantum computing.
Agronomy and agriculture

Many biophysical techniques are unique to this field. Research efforts in biophysics are often initiated by scientists who were traditional physicists, chemists, and biologists by training.

Notes

^ Careers in Biophysics brochure, Biophysical Society https://www.biophysics.org/Portals/1/PDFs/Career%20Center/Careers%20In%20Biophysics.pdf

References

Perutz MF (1962). Proteins and Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ASIN B000TS8P4G.
Perutz MF (1969). "The haemoglobin molecule". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B 173 (31): 113–40. Bibcode 1969RSPSB.173..113P. doi:10.1098/rspb.1969.0043. PMID 4389425.
Dogonadze RR, Urushadze ZD (1971). "Semi-Classical Method of Calculation of Rates of Chemical Reactions Proceeding in Polar Liquids". J Electroanal Chem 32 (2): 235–245. doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(71)80189-4.
Volkenshtein M.V., Dogonadze R.R., Madumarov A.K., Urushadze Z.D. and Kharkats Yu.I. Theory of Enzyme Catalysis.- Molekuliarnaya Biologia (Moscow), 6, 1972, pp. 431–439 (In Russian, English summary. Available translations in Italian, Spanish, English, French)
Rodney M. J. Cotterill (2002). Biophysics : An Introduction. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-48538-4.
Sneppen K, Zocchi G (2005-10-17). Physics in Molecular Biology (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84419-3.
Glaser, Roland (2004-11-23). Biophysics: An Introduction (Corrected ed.). Springer. ISBN 3-540-67088-2.
Hobbie RK, Roth BJ (2006). Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-30942-2. https://files.oakland.edu/users/roth/web/hobbie.htm.
Cooper WG (2009). "Evidence for transcriptase quantum processing implies entanglement and decoherence of superposition proton states". BioSystems 97 (2): 73–89. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.04.010. PMID 19427355.
Cooper WG (2009). "Necessity of quantum coherence to account for the spectrum of time-dependent mutations exhibited by bacteriophage T4". Biochem. Genet. 47 (11–12): 892–910. doi:10.1007/s10528-009-9293-8. PMID 19882244.
Goldfarb, Daniel (2010). Biophysics Demystified. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-163365-0.

External links

At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Biophysics at:

The Department of Biophysics

Biophysical Society
Journal of Physiology: 2012 virtual issue Biophysics and Beyond

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Migration of bisphenol A into canned tomatoes produced in Italy: Dependence on temperature and storage conditions.

Errico S1, Bianco M2, Mita L2, Migliaccio M1, Rossi S3, Nicolucci C4, Menale C5, Portaccio M6, Gallo P7, Mita DG8, Diano N9.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Oct 1;160:157-64. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.085. Epub 2014 Mar 24.
A method based on solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography, coupled to UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometry, has been developed for determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in canned tomatoes. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the procedure used is 0.03μM (0.26μg BPA/kg tomat
PMID 24799222

Evaluation of a biohybrid photoelectrochemical cell employing the purple bacterial reaction centre as a biosensor for herbicides.

Swainsbury DJ1, Friebe VM2, Frese RN3, Jones MR4.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Aug 15;58:172-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.050. Epub 2014 Feb 27.
The Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centre is a relatively robust and tractable membrane protein that has potential for exploitation in technological applications, including biohybrid devices for photovoltaics and biosensing. This report assessed the usefulness of the photocurrent generated by this
PMID 24637165

Highly sensitive multipoint real-time kinetic detection of Surface Plasmon bioanalytes with custom CMOS cameras.

Wang J1, Smith RJ2, Light RA1, Richens JL1, Zhang J1, O'Shea P1, See C1, Somekh MG1.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Aug 15;58:157-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.042. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
Phase sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) techniques are a popular means of characterizing biomolecular interactions. However, limitations due to the narrow dynamic range and difficulty in adapting the method for multi-point sensing have restricted its range of applications. This paper present
PMID 24632461