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| Bartonellosis | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| ICD-10 | A44 |
| ICD-9-CM | 088.0 |
| DiseasesDB | 1249 |
| eMedicine | med/212 |
| Patient UK | Bartonellosis |
| MeSH | D001474 |
Bartonellosis is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus Bartonella.[1] Bartonella species cause diseases such as Carrión´s disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders.[2]
Contents
- 1 Microbiology
- 2 History of discovery
- 2.1 Carrión's disease
- 2.2 CSD
- 2.3 Trench fever
- 3 Epidemiology
- 4 Pathophysiology
- 5 Clinical manifestations
- 5.1 Carrión's disease
- 5.2 Cat-scratch disease
- 5.3 Bacillary angiomatosis
- 5.4 Peliosis hepatis
- 5.5 Trench fever
- 6 Treatment
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Microbiology
Members of the genus Bartonella are facultative intracellular bacteria, alpha 2 subgroup Proteobacteria. The genus comprises:
| Bartonella species | Reservoir | Disease |
|---|---|---|
| Bartonella bacilliformis | human | Carrion´s disease/verruga Peruana |
| Bartonella quintana | human | Trench fever, bacteremia, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis |
| Bartonella henselae | cats | Cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, bacteremia, endocarditis |
| Bartonella elizabethae | rats | Endocarditis |
| Bartonella grahamii | Retinitis | |
| Bartonella vinsoni | dogs | Endocarditis], bacteremia |
| Bartonella washonsis | rodents | Myocarditis |
| Bartonella clarridgiae | cats | Bacteremia |
| Bartonella rochalimae | human | Carrion´s disease-like syndrome |
History of discovery
Carrión's disease
Main article: Carrión's disease
The disease was named after medical student Daniel Alcides Carrión from Cerro de Pasco, Peru. Carrión described the disease after being inoculated at his request with the pus of a skin lesion from patient Carmen Paredes in 1885 by Doctor Evaristo M. Chávez, a close friend and coworker in Dos de Mayo National Hospital. Carrión developed the disease three weeks after the inoculation and kept a meticulous record of clinical symptoms and signs until the disease rendered him incapable of the task and he died at age 28 several weeks later—October 5, 1885. Carrión proved that Oroya fever and verruga Peruana were two stages of the same disease, and not two different diseases as was thought at the time. Subsequently, 23 subspecies of Bartonella were discovered. His work did not result in a cure immediately, but his research started the process. Peru has named October 5 as "Peruvian Medicine Day" in his honor.
Peruvian microbiologist Alberto Barton discovered the causative bacterium in 1905, but his results were not published until 1909. Barton originally identified them as "endoglobular" structures, bacteria living inside red blood cells. Until 1993, the Bartonella genus contained only one species; 23 are now identified species, all of them within the family Bartonellaceae.[3]
CSD
Main article: Cat scratch disease
In 1988, English et al. [4] isolated and cultured a bacterium that was named Afipia felis in 1992 after the team at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology that discovered it. This agent was considered the etiologic agent of Cat-scratch Disease (CSD) but further studies failed to support this conclusion. Serologic studies associated CSD with Bartonella henselae, reported in 1992. In 1993, Dolan [5] isolated Rochalimae henselae (now called Bartonella henselae) from lymph nodes of patients with CSD.
Bartonella spp. are commonly treated with antibiotics including azithromycin, based on a single small randomized clinical trial. Treatment may take up to one year to completely eliminate the disease. CSD often resolves spontaneously without treatment.[6]
Trench fever
Main article: Trench fever
Detailed descriptions of the disease were reported in soldiers during the First World War. It is also known as five-day fever, quintan fever, Wolhinie fever, and urban trench fever, because it occurs in homeless people and alcoholics .[7]
Epidemiology
Carrión's disease, or Oroya fever, or Peruvian wart is a rare infectious disease found only in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.[8] It is endemic in some areas of Peru,[9] is caused by infection with the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis, and transmitted by sandflies of genus Lutzomyia.
Cat scratch disease occurs worldwide. Cats are the main reservoir of Bartonella henselae (etiologic agent), and the bacterium is transmitted to cats by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis.[10] Infection in cats is very common with a prevalence estimated between 40-60%, younger cats being more commonly infective. Cats usually become immune to the infection, while dogs may be very symptomatic. Humans may also acquire it through flea or tick bites from infected dogs, cats, coyotes, and foxes.
Trench fever, produced by Bartonella quintana infection, is transmitted by the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis. Humans are the only known reservoir.[11] Thorough washing of clothing may help to interrupt the transmission of infection.
A possible role for ticks in transmission of Bartonella species remains to be elucidated; in November 2011, Bartonella rochalimae, B. quintana, and B. elizabethae DNA was first reported in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor nitens ticks in Peru.[12]
Pathophysiology
In mammals, each Bartonella species is highly adapted to its reservoir host as the result of intracellular parasitism and can persist in the bloodstream of the host. Intraerythrocytic parasitism is only observed in the acute phase of Carrión´s disease. Bartonella species also have a tropism for endothelial cells, observed in the chronic phase of Carrión´s disease (also known as verruga Peruana) and bacillary angiomatosis. Pathological response can vary with the immune status of the host. Infection with B. henselae can result in a focal suppurative reaction (CSD in immunocompetent patients), a multifocal angioproliferative response (bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised patients), endocarditis, or meningitis.
Clinical manifestations
Carrión's disease
Main article: Carrión's disease
Patients can develop two clinical phases: an acute septic phase and a chronic eruptive phase associated with skin lesions.[13] In the acute phase (also known as Oroya fever or fiebre de la Oroya), B. bacilliformis infection is a sudden, potentially life-threatening infection associated with high fever and decreased levels of circulating red blood cells (i.e., hemolytic anemia)and transient immunosuppression. B. bacilliformis is considered the most deadly species to date, with a death rate of up to 90% during the acute phase, which typically lasts two to four weeks. Peripheral blood smears show anisomacrocytosis with many bacilli adherent to red blood cells. Thrombocytopenia is also seen and can be very severe. Neurologic manifestations (neurobartonellosis) are altered mental status, agitation, or even coma, ataxia, spinal meningitis, or paralysis. It is seen in 20% of patients with acute infection, in which the prognosis is very guarded with an about 50% mortality. The most feared complication is overwhelming infection mainly by Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Salmonella (both S. typhi and S. non-typhi, as well as reactivation of toxoplasmosis and other opportunistic infections .
The chronic manifestation consists of a benign skin eruption with raised, reddish-purple nodules (angiomatous tumours). The bacterium can be seen microscopically, if a skin biopsy is silver stained (the Warthin–Starry method).
Cat-scratch disease
Main article: Cat scratch disease
Cat-scratch disease is due to an infection by B. henselae and manifests as gradual regional lymph nodes enlargement (axilla, groin, neck) which may last 2–3 months or longer and a distal scratch and/or red-brown skin papule (not always seen at the time of the disease). The enlarged lymph node is painful and tender. The infection is self-limited.[14] The lymph nodes may suppurate, and most patients can remain afebrile or asymptomatic. Other presentations include fever (particularly in children), Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome, encephalopathy, and neuroretinitis.[15][16]
B. henselae can be associated with bacteremia, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis hepatis in HIV patients, and bacteremia and endocarditis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.[17] Symptoms may include fatigue, headaches, fever, memory loss, disorientation, insomnia, and loss of coordination. The bacteria block the normal immune response by suppressing the NF-κB apoptosis pathway.[18] Disease progression may be accelerated if the host is subsequently infected by an immune-suppressing virus such as Epstein Barr virus.[19]
Bacillary angiomatosis
B. henselae and B. quintana can cause bacillary angiomatosis, a vascular proliferative disease involving mainly the skin, and other organs. The disease was first described in human immunodificiency virus (HIV) patients and organ transplant recipients.[20] Severe, progressive and disseminated disease may occur in HIV patients.[21] Differential diagnoses include Kaposi´s sarcoma, pyogenic granuloma, hemangioma, verruga Peruana, and subcutanous tumors. Lesions can affect bone marrow, liver, spleen, or lymph nodes.
Peliosis hepatis
B. henselae is the etiologic agent for peliosis hepatis, which is defined as a vascular proliferation of sinusoid hepatic capillaries resulting in blood-filled spaces in the liver in HIV patients and organ transplant recipients. Peliosis hepatis can be associated with peliosis of the spleen, as well as bacillary angiomatosis of the skin in HIV patients.[22]
Trench fever
Main article: Trench fever
Trench fever, also known as five-day fever or quintan fever, is the initial manifestation of B. quintana infection. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. Classical presentations include a febrile illness of acute onset, headache, dizziness, and shin pain. Chronic infection manifestations include attacks of fever and aching in some cases and persistent bacteremia in soldiers and homeless people.[23]
Treatment
Treatment of infections caused by Bartonella species include:[24][25]
| Disease | Adults | Children |
|---|---|---|
| Cat-scratch disease | Azithromycin + Rifampin | Unknown |
| Retinitis | Doxycycline + rifampin | unknown |
| Trench fever or chronic bacteremia by B. quintana | Doxycycline + gentamicin | unknown |
| Bacillary angiomatosis | Erythromycin or doxycycline | Erythromycin |
| Peliosis hepatis | Erythromycin or doxycycline | Erythromycin |
| Endocarditis | Doxycycline + gentamicin + rifampin or ceftriaxone + gentamicin | |
| Carrión´s disease (acute phase) | Ciprofloxacin or chloramphenicol | Chloramphenicol + beta-lactam |
| Carrión´s disease (chronic phase) | Rifampin or macrolides | Rifampin or macrolides |
While some authorities recommend the use of azithromycin,[26] it is difficult to gauge what, if any significant benefit, is afforded given the often self-limiting course in patients with intact immune function.
References
- ^ Maguiña C, Gotuzzo E (March 2000). "Bartonellosis. New and old". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–22, vii. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70215-4. PMID 10738670.
- ^ Maurin M, Birtles R, Raoult D (July 1997). "Current knowledge of Bartonella species". Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16 (7): 487–506. doi:10.1007/BF01708232. PMID 9272384.
- ^ Zeaiter Z, Liang Z, Raoult D (2002). "Genetic classification and differentiation of Bartonella species based on comparison of partial ftsZ gene sequences". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (10): 3641–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.10.3641-3647.2002. PMC 130884. PMID 12354859.
- ^ English CK, Wear DJ, Margileth AM, Lissner CR, Walsh GP (March 1988). "Cat-scratch disease. Isolation and culture of the bacterial agent". JAMA 259 (9): 1347–52. doi:10.1001/jama.259.9.1347. PMID 3339840.
- ^ Dolan MJ, Wong MT, Regnery RL, et al. (March 1993). "Syndrome of Rochalimaea henselae adenitis suggesting cat scratch disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 118 (5): 331–6. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-118-5-199303010-00002. PMID 8430978.
- ^ Resto-Ruiz S, Burgess A, Anderson BE (June 2003). "The role of the host immune response in pathogenesis of Bartonella henselae". DNA Cell Biol. 22 (6): 431–40. doi:10.1089/104454903767650694. PMID 12906736.
- ^ Stein A, Raoult D (February 1995). "Return of trench fever". Lancet 345 (8947): 450–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90430-1. PMID 7853966.
- ^ Maguina C, Garcia PJ, Gotuzzo E, Cordero L, Spach DH (September 2001). "Bartonellosis (Carrión's disease) in the modern era". Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 (6): 772–9. doi:10.1086/322614. PMID 11512081.
- ^ Maco V, Maguiña C, Tirado A, Maco V, Vidal JE (2004). "Carrion's disease (Bartonellosis bacilliformis) confirmed by histopathology in the High Forest of Peru". Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 46 (3): 171–4. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652004000300010. PMID 15286824.
- ^ Chomel BB, Kasten RW, Floyd-Hawkins K, et al. (August 1996). "Experimental transmission of Bartonella henselae by the cat flea". J. Clin. Microbiol. 34 (8): 1952–6. PMC 229161. PMID 8818889.
- ^ Maurin M, Raoult D (July 1996). "Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infections". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9 (3): 273–92. PMC 172893. PMID 8809460.
- ^ Billeter Sarah A., Cáceres Abraham G., Gonzales-Hidalgo James, Luna-Caypo Deysi, Kosoy Michael Y. (2011). "Molecular Detection of Bartonella Species in Ticks From Peru". Journal of Medical Entomology 48 (6): 1257–1260. doi:10.1603/me10240.
- ^ Maguiña Vargas, Ciro (2010). Bartonellosis o enfermedad de Carrión: Nuevos aspectos de una vieja enfermedad. Lima, Peru: UNMSM, Fondo Editorial. ISBN 9972-50-034-9.
- ^ Margileth AM (1993). "Cat scratch disease". Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 8: 1–21. PMID 8216999.
- ^ Bass JW, Vincent JM, Person DA (February 1997). "The expanding spectrum of Bartonella infections: II. Cat-scratch disease". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16 (2): 163–79. doi:10.1097/00006454-199702000-00002. PMID 9041596.
- ^ Breitschwerdt, EB. Bartonella sp. Bacteremia in Patients with Neurological and Neurocognitive Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY. Sept. 2008. 46(9): 2856–2861
- ^ Anderson BE, Neuman MA (April 1997). "Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10 (2): 203–19. PMC 172916. PMID 9105751.
- ^ Faherty, CS. Staying alive: bacterial inhibition of apoptosis during infection. Trends in Microbiology (16:4). 175.
- ^ citation needed
- ^ Kemper CA, Lombard CM, Deresinski SC, Tompkins LS (August 1990). "Visceral bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis: possible manifestations of disseminated cat scratch disease in the immunocompromised host: a report of two cases". Am. J. Med. 89 (2): 216–22. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90301-S. PMID 2382668.
- ^ Stoler MH, Bonfiglio TA, Steigbigel RT, Pereira M (November 1983). "An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 80 (5): 714–8. PMID 6637883.
- ^ Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TS, et al. (December 1990). "Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 323 (23): 1581–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199012063232302. PMID 2233946.
- ^ Brouqui P, Lascola B, Roux V, Raoult D (January 1999). "Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients". N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (3): 184–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199901213400303. PMID 9895398.
- ^ Rolain JM, Brouqui P, Koehler JE, Maguina C, Dolan MJ, Raoult D (June 2004). "Recommendations for treatment of human infections caused by Bartonella species". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 (6): 1921–33. doi:10.1128/AAC.48.6.1921-1933.2004. PMC 415619. PMID 15155180.
- ^ Blanco JR, Raoult D (May 2005). "[Diseases produced by Bartonella]". Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. (in Spanish) 23 (5): 313–9; quiz 320. PMID 15899181.
- ^ Bass JW, Freitas BC, Freitas AD, et al. (June 1998). "Prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled evaluation of azithromycin for treatment of cat-scratch disease". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17 (6): 447–52. doi:10.1097/00006454-199806000-00002. PMID 9655532.
External links
- Oroya fever
- Human Bartonellosis caused by Bartonella bacilliformis
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. 南米バルトネラ症：オロヤ熱とペルー疣症south american bartonellosis oroya fever and verruga peruana [show details]… South American bartonellosis, or Carrion disease, is an infection caused by Bartonella bacilliformis that is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Typically, this condition has been considered a biphasic …
- 2. バルトネラ・クインターナ感染の臨床的特徴、診断、および治療clinical features diagnosis and treatment of bartonella quintana infections [show details]…Bartonella spp, Bartonella infection in HIV-infected patients, bacillary angiomatosis, and bartonellosis (or Carrion disease) are discussed separately. B. quintana is a small, fastidious, gram-negative rod…
- 3. HIV感染患者におけるバルトネラ感染症の診断、治療、および予防diagnosis treatment and prevention of bartonella infections in hiv infected patients [show details]…PCR test generally can distinguish among the different Bartonella species. The diagnosis of bartonellosis can be made through histopathologic examination of biopsy tissue. In patients with bacillary angiomatosis…
- 4. バルトネラ属の基礎生物学basic biology of bartonella species [show details]…identified as the vector for B. bacilliformis. In one study, blood was surveyed from 50 animals living in the homes of 11 families whose children had recent bartonellosis in an endemic region of Peru …
- 5. 小児の不明熱に対するアプローチfever of unknown origin in children evaluation [show details]…percent of infections were bacterial; the most common bacterial infections varied geographically: Bartonellosis (eg, cat scratch disease) and urinary tract infections in resource-rich countries; Brucellosis…
English Journal
- Infection Rates of Wolbachia sp. and Bartonella sp. in Different Populations of Fleas.
- Zurita A1, Gutiérrez SG1, Cutillas C2.
- Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2016 Nov;73(5):704-13. doi: 10.1007/s00284-016-1119-4. Epub 2016 Aug 11.
- In the present study, a molecular detection of Bartonella sp. and Wolbachia sp. in Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) isolated from Canis lupus familiaris from different geographical areas of Spain, Iran and South Africa, and in Stenoponia tripectinata tripectinata isolated from Mus mus
- PMID 27515668
- A family of genus-specific RNAs in tandem with DNA-binding proteins control expression of the badA major virulence factor gene in Bartonella henselae.
- Tu N1, Carroll RK2, Weiss A3, Shaw LN3, Nicolas G1, Thomas S1, Lima A1, Okaro U1, Anderson B4.
- MicrobiologyOpen.Microbiologyopen.2016 Oct 28. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.420. [Epub ahead of print]
- Bartonella henselae is a gram-negative zoonotic bacterium that causes infections in humans including endocarditis and bacillary angiomatosis. B. henselae has been shown to grow as large aggregates and form biofilms in vitro. The aggregative growth and the angiogenic host response requires the trime
- PMID 27790856
- Phylogenetic and geographic patterns of bartonella host shifts among bat species.
- McKee CD1, Hayman DT2, Kosoy MY3, Webb CT4.
- Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases.Infect Genet Evol.2016 Oct;44:382-94. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.033. Epub 2016 Jul 27.
- The influence of factors contributing to parasite diversity in individual hosts and communities are increasingly studied, but there has been less focus on the dominant processes leading to parasite diversification. Using bartonella infections in bats as a model system, we explored the influence of t
- PMID 27473781
Japanese Journal
- 炎症性眼疾患の診療(16)バルトネラ感染症(ネコひっかき病)
- 臨床眼科 62(7), 1048-1052, 2008-07
- NAID 40016155299
- 山口県内の猫と犬における Bartonella henselae の血清疫学調査
- 日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 57(4), 257-261, 2004-04-20
- NAID 10012912131
- 山口県内の猫と犬における<I>Bartonella henselae</I>の血清疫学調査
- 日本獣医師会雑誌 57(4), 257-261, 2004
- NAID 130004052364
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「Rochalimaea infection」「Bartonella infection」「バルトネラ症」 |
「Rochalimaea infection」
ロシャリメア感染症、ロシャリメア感染、Rochalimaea感染症
「Bartonella infection」
バルトネラ感染症、バルトネラ感染、Bartonella感染症