Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/25 17:44:56」(JST)

wiki en

Auxotrophy (Gr. αὐξάνω "to increase"; τροφή "nourishment") is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC). An auxotroph is an organism that displays this characteristic; auxotrophic is the corresponding adjective. Auxotrophy is the opposite of prototrophy, which is characterized by the ability to synthesize all the compounds needed for growth.

The method of replica plating implemented by Esther Lederberg included auxotrophs that were temperature-sensitive; that is, their ability to synthesize was temperature-dependent. (Auxotrophs are usually not temperature-dependent. They can also depend on other factors.) Multiple auxotrophs can also coexist at the same time, within the same organism.

In genetics, a strain is said to be auxotrophic if it carries a mutation that renders it unable to synthesize an essential compound. For example, a yeast mutant with an inactivated uracil synthesis pathway gene is a uracil auxotroph. (E.g., if the yeast Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase gene is inactivated, the resultant strain is a uracil auxotroph.) Such a strain is unable to synthesize uracil and will only be able to grow if uracil can be taken up from the environment. This is the opposite of a uracil prototroph, or in this case a wild-type strain, which can still grow in the absence of uracil. Auxotrophic genetic markers are often used in molecular genetics; they were famously used in Beadle and Tatum's Nobel prize-winning work on the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.

Researchers have used strains of E. coli auxotrophic for specific amino acids to introduce non-natural amino acid analogues into proteins. For instance cells auxotrophic for the amino acid phenylalanine can be grown in media supplemented with an analogue such as para-azido phenylalanine.

Many living things, including humans, are auxotrophic for large classes of compounds required for growth and must obtain these compounds through diet (see vitamin, essential amino acid, essential fatty acid).

Footnotes[edit source | edit]

External links[edit source | edit]

"Regulation of endosomal clathrin and retromer-mediated endosome to Golgi retrograde transport by the J-domain protein RME-8" - The EMBO Journal
"Pleiotropic effects of purine auxotrophy inRhizobium meliloti on cell surface molecules" - Springerlink
http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/16/1/286.pdf "Auxotrophy and Organic Compounds in the Nutrition of Marine Phytoplankton"

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. トリメトプリムスルファメトキサゾール：概要 trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole an overview
2. 人工関節感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections

English Journal

Riboflavin Level Manipulates the Successive Developmental Sequences in Aspergillus nidulans.

Zheng H1, Zhang S, Zhang S, Lu L.
Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2015 May;70(5):637-42. doi: 10.1007/s00284-014-0723-4. Epub 2015 Jan 8.
Auxotrophic markers are useful in fungal genetic analysis. Among the auxotrophic markers, riboB2 is one of the most commonly used markers in many laboratory strains. However, riboB2 mutants in Aspergillus nidulans confer self-sterility and thus are unable to form hybrid cleistothecia by outcross whe
PMID 25567479

Uptake of inorganic phosphate is a limiting factor for Saccharomyces cerevisiae during growth at low temperatures.

Vicent I1, Navarro A1, Mulet JM2, Sharma S3, Serrano R4.
FEMS yeast research.FEMS Yeast Res.2015 May;15(3). pii: fov008. doi: 10.1093/femsyr/fov008. Epub 2015 Feb 26.
The fermenting ability of Saccharomyces at low temperatures is crucial for the development of alcoholic beverages, but the key factors for the cold tolerance of yeast are not well known. In this report, we present the results of a screening for genes able to confer cold tolerance by overexpression i
PMID 25725023

Feasibility of Protein Turnover Studies in Prototroph Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains.

Martin-Perez M1, Villén J1.
Analytical chemistry.Anal Chem.2015 Apr 7;87(7):4008-14. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00264. Epub 2015 Mar 26.
Quantitative proteomics studies of yeast that use metabolic labeling with amino acids rely on auxotrophic mutations of one or more genes on the amino acid biosynthesis pathways. These mutations affect yeast metabolism and preclude the study of some biological processes. Overcoming this limitation, i
PMID 25767917

Japanese Journal

New gene responsible for para-aminobenzoate biosynthesis(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Satoh Yasuharu,Kuratsu Masahiro,Kobayashi Daiki [他],Dairi Tohru
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 117(2), 178-183, 2014-02
… europaea by shotgun cloning using a pABA-auxotrophic Escherlchia coli mutant (ΔpabABC) as a host. … Moreover, the CT610 gene, an ortholog of NE1434 located in the folate biosynthetic gene cluster in Chlamydia trachomatis, also complemented pABA-auxotrophic E. …
NAID 110009804069

O-405 バイオマス由来水素または合成ガスからの有用物質生産を目的とした好熱性微生物の遺伝子組換技術の開発(ガス・ケミカル,Oral Session4)

中島田豊,岩崎祐樹,喜多晃久,田島誉久,加藤純一,村上克治,星野保,酒井伸介,庄智裕,斉藤政宏
バイオマス科学会議発表論文集 (9), 40-41, 2014-01-08
… thermoacetica ATCC39073, the uracil auxotrophic strain dpyrF was constructed by disrupting pyrF for orotate monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase. …
NAID 110009820156

Development of Biotin-Prototrophic and -Hyperauxotrophic Corynebacterium glutamicum Strains

Ikeda Masato,Miyamoto Aya,Mutoh Sumire,Kitano Yuko,Tajima Mei,Shirakura Daisuke,Takasaki Manami,Mitsuhashi Satoshi,Takeno Seiki
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 79(15), 4586-4594, 2013-08
… To develop the infrastructure for biotin production through naturally biotin-auxotrophic Corynebacterium glutamicum, we attempted to engineer the organism into a biotin prototroph and a biotin hyperauxotroph. …
NAID 120005462744