WordNet

subject to refraction; "refract a light beam"
determine the refracting power of (a lens)
a cafeteria where food is served from machines
a vending machine from which you can get food
operated by automation; "an automated stoker" (同)machine-controlled, machine-driven

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈水・ガラスなどが〉〈光〉‘を'屈折させる
自動販売式食堂
〈工場・機械〉‘に'自動装置をつける,'を'オートメーション化する
屈折媒体(レンズ) / =refracting telescope

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/05 22:09:01」(JST)

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A United States Navy optometrist technician using an autorefractor during a humanitarian assistance project in Nicaragua in 2008

An autorefractor or automated refractor is a computer-controlled machine used during an eye examination to provide an objective measurement of a person's refractive error and prescription for glasses or contact lenses. This is achieved by measuring how light is changed as it enters a person's eye.

Technique

The majority of autorefractors calculate the vision correction a patient needs (refraction) by using sensors that detect the reflections from a cone of infrared light. These reflections are used to determine the size and shape of a ring in the retina at the back of the eye. By measuring this zone, the autorefractor can determine when a patient’s eye properly focuses an image. The instrument changes its magnification until the image comes into focus. The process is repeated in at least three meridians of the eye and the autorefractor calculates the refraction of the eye, sphere, cylinder and axis. Modern autorefractors are based on the idea patented by Medina.^[1]

Uses

In some offices, this process is used to provide the starting point for the ophthalmologist or optometrist in subjective refraction tests. Here, lenses are switched in and out of a phoropter and the patient is asked "which looks better" while looking at a chart. This feedback refines the prescription to one which provides the patient with the best vision.

Automated refraction is particularly useful when dealing with non-communicative people such as young children or those with disabilities.

Retinoscopy

Retinoscopy performed by an experienced clinician has been found to provide a more accurate estimation of refractive error than autorefraction.^[2] Recent studies report that autorefractor measurements without application of cycloplegia can result in significant overestimation of myopia.^[3]^[4]

References

^ Medina A.: "Refractometro Electronico (Electronic Refractor)". Spanish patent. Jul 1979.
^ Jorge J, Queiros A, Almeida JB, Parafita MA. "Retinoscopy/autorefraction: which is the best starting point for a noncycloplegic refraction?" Optom Vis Sci. 2005 Jan;82(1):64-8. PMID 15630406.
^ Choong YF, Chen AH, Goh PP.: A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul;142(1):68-74. PMID 16815252.
^ Fotedar R, Rochtchina E, Morgan I, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Rose KA.: Necessity of cycloplegia for assessing refractive error in 12-year-old children: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Aug;144(2):307-9. PMID 17659966.

External links

Trusit Dave "Automated refraction - Design and applications" in "Optometry Today" 04/06/04 [1]
"This Company Is Bringing Eye Exams (And Glasses) To People Who Can't Afford Healthcare". Read about Smart Vision Labs in "Business Insider" 09/29/14 [2]
PIKE Ophthalmic, image.[3]

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English Journal

What is the appropriate age cut-off for cycloplegia in refraction?

Sanfilippo PG1, Chu BS, Bigault O, Kearns LS, Boon MY, Young TL, Hammond CJ, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA.
Acta ophthalmologica.Acta Ophthalmol.2014 Sep;92(6):e458-62. doi: 10.1111/aos.12388. Epub 2014 Mar 19.
PURPOSE: To investigate the age range for which cycloplegia provides additional information compared with non-cycloplegic refraction in teenagers and young adults.METHODS: Data for 1295 subjects (704 female; 591 male) from the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania (TEST) and the Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study
PMID 24641244

Effect of bifocal and prismatic bifocal spectacles on myopia progression in children: three-year results of a randomized clinical trial.

Cheng D1, Woo GC2, Drobe B3, Schmid KL4.
JAMA ophthalmology.JAMA Ophthalmol.2014 Mar;132(3):258-64. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7623.
IMPORTANCE: Myopia is a significant public health problem, making it important to determine whether a bifocal spectacle treatment involving near prism slows myopia progression in children.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether bifocal and prismatic bifocal spectacles control myopia in children with high ra
PMID 24435660

Association between accommodative amplitudes and amblyopia.

Singman E1, Matta N, Tian J, Silbert D.
Strabismus.Strabismus.2013 Jun;21(2):137-9. doi: 10.3109/09273972.2013.786737.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between amblyopia and accommodative ability.METHODS: The open-field Grand Seiko binocular autorefractor has become the gold standard for automated measurement of static accommodation. We measured the accommodation amplitudes in 52 children ages 3 to 14 years emp
PMID 23713938