WordNet

the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant (同)authorisation, empowerment
receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
admit into a group or community; "accept students for graduate study"; "Well have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member" (同)admit, take, take_on
give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to; "I cannot accept your invitation"; "I go for this resolution" (同)consent, go for
tolerate or accommodate oneself to; "I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions"; "I swallowed the insult"; "She has learned to live with her husbands little idiosyncrasies" (同)live with, swallow
be designed to hold or take; "This surface will not take the dye" (同)take
receive willingly something given or offered; "The only girl who would have him was the millers daughter"; "I wont have this dog in my house!"; "Please accept my present" (同)take, have
be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal; "The cow accepted the bull"
consider or hold as true; "I cannot accept the dogma of this church"; "accept an argument"
react favorably to; consider right and proper; "People did not accept atonal music at that time"; "We accept the idea of universal health care"
give religious sanction to, such as through on oath; "sanctify the marriage"
a mechanism of social control for enforcing a societys standards
the act of final authorization; "it had the sanction of the church"
formal and explicit approval; "a Democrat usually gets the unions endorsement" (同)countenance, endorsement, indorsement, warrant, imprimatur
give authority or permission to
accept as legally binding and valid; "acknowledge the deed"
report the receipt of; "The program committee acknowledged the submission of the authors of the paper" (同)receipt
express obligation, thanks, or gratitude for; "We must acknowledge the kindness she showed towards us" (同)recognize, recognise
accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority; "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne"; "We do not recognize your gods" (同)recognize, recognise, know
the act of taking something that is offered; "her acceptance of the gift encouraged him"; "he anticipated their acceptance of his offer"
banking: a time draft drawn on and accepted by a bank (同)banker''s acceptance
the state of being acceptable and accepted; "torn jeans received no acceptance at the country club"
(contract law) words signifying consent to the terms of an offer (thereby creating a contract)
authorize officially; "I am licensed to practice law in this state" (同)licence, certify
excessive freedom; lack of due restraint; "when liberty becomes license dictatorship is near"- Will Durant; "the intolerable license with which the newspapers break...the rules of decorum"- Edmund Burke (同)licence
freedom to deviate deliberately from normally applicable rules or practices (especially in behavior or speech) (同)licence
the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization (同)permission, permit
a legal document giving official permission to do something (同)licence, permit

PrepTutorEJDIC

権限を与えること,委任;許可すること
(喜んで)〈物〉'を'『受け取る』,〈事〉'を'受け入れる / 〈提案・決定など〉'を'受諾する,〈事態・運命など〉に従う;(特に)…‘に'しかたなく同意する / 〈弁解・説明・理論など〉'を'『認める』,容認する / 〈責任・任務など〉'を'『引き受ける』 / 〈人〉'を'受け入れる,仲間(身内)に入れる / 〈手形〉'を'引き受ける
〈U〉(支配者・当局の)『認可』,許可,裁可《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(一般に)(…の)承認,支持《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(国際法で,国際法違反国に加える)『制裁』 / 〈C〉(正式の)処罰,制裁;(道徳律などの)拘速[力] / 〈支配者・当局が〉…‘を'認可する,裁可する,許可する《+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (一般に)…‘を'承認する,支持する;〈…すること〉‘を'承認する《+do『ing』》
〈人が〉…'を'『認める』,承認する / 〈手紙・贈物など〉'を'受け取ったことを知らせる / 〈親切など〉‘に'礼を言う,感謝する
〈U〉受け取ること,認めること,受け入れられていること;同意 / 〈U〉(手形の)引受け;〈C〉引受済み手形

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/28 09:26:48」(JST)

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Authorization or authorisation is the function of specifying access rights to resources related to information security and computer security in general and to access control in particular. More formally, "to authorize" is to define an access policy. For example, human resources staff is normally authorized to access employee records and this policy is usually formalized as access control rules in a computer system. During operation, the system uses the access control rules to decide whether access requests from (authenticated) consumers shall be approved (granted) or disapproved (rejected). Resources include individual files or an item's data, computer programs, computer devices and functionality provided by computer applications. Examples of consumers are computer users, computer programs and other devices on the computer.

Overview

Access control in computer systems and networks rely on access policies. The access control process can be divided into the following two phases: 1) policy definition phase where access is authorized, and 2) policy enforcement phase where access requests are approved or disapproved. Authorization is thus the function of the policy definition phase which precedes the policy enforcement phase where access requests are approved or disapproved based on the previously defined authorizations.

Most modern, multi-user operating systems include access control and thereby rely on authorization. Access control also uses authentication to verify the identity of consumers. When a consumer tries to access a resource, the access control process checks that the consumer has been authorized to use that resource. Authorization is the responsibility of an authority, such as a department manager, within the application domain, but is often delegated to a custodian such as a system administrator. Authorizations are expressed as access policies in some types of "policy definition application", e.g. in the form of an access control list or a capability, on the basis of the "principle of least privilege": consumers should only be authorized to access whatever they need to do their jobs. Older and single user operating systems often had weak or non-existent authentication and access control systems.

"Anonymous consumers" or "guests", are consumers that have not been required to authenticate. They often have limited authorization. On a distributed system, it is often desirable to grant access without requiring a unique identity. Familiar examples of access tokens include keys and tickets: they grant access without proving identity.

Trusted consumers are often authorized for unrestricted access to resources on a system, but must be authenticated so that the access control system can make the access approval decision. "Partially trusted" and guests will often have restricted authorization in order to protect resources against improper access and usage. The access policy in some operating systems, by default, grant all consumers full access to all resources. Others do the opposite, insisting that the administrator explicitly authorizes a consumer to use each resource.

Even when access is controlled through a combination of authentication and access control lists, the problems of maintaining the authorization data is not trivial, and often represents as much administrative burden as managing authentication credentials. It is often necessary to change or remove a user's authorization: this is done by changing or deleting the corresponding access rules on the system. Using atomic authorization is an alternative to per-system authorization management, where a trusted third party securely distributes authorization information.

Authorize v authorise

Both spellings are acceptable in UK and AU English. Authorize has entered English via medieval Latin, while authorise comes from old French. Latin auctorizare → French autoriser → English.^[1]^[2]

Related interpretations

Public policy

In public policy, authorization is a feature of trusted systems used for security or social control.

Banking

In banking, an authorization is a hold placed on a customer's account when a purchase is made using a debit card or credit card.

Publishing

In publishing, sometimes public lectures and other freely available texts are published without the consent of the author. These are called unauthorized texts. An example is the 2002 'The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe' , which was collected from Stephen Hawking's lectures and published without his permission as per copyright law.

References

^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Fifth Edition.
^ The Australian Oxford Dictionary, Second Edition.

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