WordNet

of or belonging to astronauts or the science of astronautics (同)astronautical

PrepTutorEJDIC

宇宙航法,宇宙飛行学
宇宙航空生物学(宇宙飛行が生命に与える影響を研究する学問)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/10 14:54:12」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Hubble Space Telescope over Earth (during the STS-109 mission)

Astronautics (alternatively cosmonautics), is the theory and practice of navigation beyond Earth's atmosphere.

The term astronautics was coined by analogy with aeronautics. As there is a certain degree of technology overlapping between the two fields, the term aerospace is often used to describe them both.

As with aeronautics, the restrictions of mass, temperatures, and external forces require that applications in space survive extreme conditions: high-grade vacuum, the radiation bombardment of interplanetary space and the magnetic belts of low Earth orbit. Space launch vehicles must withstand titanic forces, while satellites can experience huge variations in temperature in very brief periods.^[1] Extreme constraints on mass cause astronautical engineers to face the constant need to save mass in the design in order to maximize the actual payload that reaches orbit.

History

The early history of astronautics is theoretical: the fundamental mathematics of space travel was established by Isaac Newton in his 1687 treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.^[2] Other mathematicians, such as Swiss Leonhard Euler and Italian Joseph Louis Lagrange also made essential contributions in the 18th and 19th centuries. In spite of this, astronautics did not become a practical discipline until the mid-20th century. On the other hand, the question of spaceflight puzzled the literary imaginations of such figures as Jules Verne and H. G. Wells. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian cosmist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky derived the famous rocket equation, the governing equation for a rocket-based propulsion, based on the work of Pedro Paulet, enabling computation of the final velocity of a rocket from the mass of spacecraft (), combined mass of propellant and spacecraft () and exhaust velocity of the propellant ().

In fact this equation was derived earlier by William Moore,^[3] a British mathematician who worked at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. For more information on the mathematical basis of space travel, see Orbital mechanics.

By the early 1920s, American Robert Goddard was developing liquid-fueled rockets, which would in a few brief decades become a critical component in the designs of such famous rockets as the V-2 and Saturn V.

Subdisciplines

Although many regard astronautics itself as a rather specialized subject, engineers and scientists working in this area must be knowledgeable in many distinct fields.

Astrodynamics: the study of orbital motion. Those specializing in this field examine topics such as spacecraft trajectories, ballistics and celestial mechanics.
Spacecraft propulsion: how spacecraft change orbits, and how they are launched. Most spacecraft have some variety of rocket engine, and thus most research efforts focus on some variety of rocket propulsion, such as chemical, nuclear or electric.
Spacecraft design: a specialized form of systems engineering that centers on combining all the necessary subsystems for a particular launch vehicle or satellite.
Controls: keeping a satellite or rocket in its desired orbit (as in spacecraft navigation) and orientation (as in attitude control).
Space environment: although more a sub-discipline of physics rather than astronautics, the effects of space weather and other environmental issues constitute an increasingly important field of study for spacecraft designers.

Related fields of study

Aeronautics and aerospace
Mechanical engineering
Physics

References

^ Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics, Sellers. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill (2000)
^ Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Bate, Mueller, and White. Dover: New York (1971).
^ Moore, William; of the Military Academy at Woolwich (1813). A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets. To which is added, An Essay on Naval Gunnery. London: G. and S. Robinson.

English Journal

Assessing the radiation-induced second cancer risk in proton therapy for pediatric brain tumors: the impact of employing a patient-specific aperture in pencil beam scanning.

Geng C1, Moteabbed M, Xie Y, Schuemann J, Yock T, Paganetti H.
Physics in medicine and biology.Phys Med Biol.2016 Jan 7;61(1):12-22. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/1/12. Epub 2015 Nov 25.
The purpose of this study was to compare the radiation-induced second cancer risks for in-field and out-of-field organs and tissues for pencil beam scanning (PBS) and passive scattering proton therapy (PPT) and assess the impact of adding patient-specific apertures to sharpen the penumbra in pencil
PMID 26605679

Human cell structure-driven model construction for predicting protein subcellular location from biological images.

Shao W1, Liu M1, Zhang D1.
Bioinformatics (Oxford, England).Bioinformatics.2016 Jan 1;32(1):114-21. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv521. Epub 2015 Sep 11.
MOTIVATION: The systematic study of subcellular location pattern is very important for fully characterizing the human proteome. Nowadays, with the great advances in automated microscopic imaging, accurate bioimage-based classification methods to predict protein subcellular locations are highly desir
PMID 26363175

Product characteristics from the torrefaction of oil palm fiber pellets in inert and oxidative atmospheres.

Chen WH1, Zhuang YQ2, Liu SH3, Juang TT3, Tsai CM3.
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2016 Jan;199:367-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.066. Epub 2015 Aug 29.
The aim of this work was to study the characteristics of solid and liquid products from the torrefaction of oil palm fiber pellets (OPFP) in inert and oxidative environments. The torrefaction temperature and O2 concentration in the carrier gas were in the ranges of 275-350°C and 0-10vol%, respectiv
PMID 26346262

Japanese Journal

High-speed jet noise

Mechanical Engineering Reviews 3(1), 15-00496-15-00496, 2016
NAID 130005118075

The Controllability of Power Grids in Comparison with Classical Complex Network Models

IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E99.D(1), 279-282, 2016
NAID 130005116168

Investigating the frequency spectrum of mechanical quality factor for piezoelectric materials based on phenomenological model

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(10), 101501, 2015-09-04
NAID 150000111421

Related Pictures

Astronautics 110 best images about 2001: A Space Odyssey on Pinterest | Orion spacecraft, Models Astronautics to Provide Connectivity Solution for Airbus Helicopters astronautics, lunar mission Astronautics - Wikipedia Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics | NUAA | Apply Online | CUCAS