arrowroot

WordNet

white-flowered West Indian plant whose root yields arrowroot starch (同)American arrowroot, obedience plant, Maranta arundinaceae
a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant
a starch obtained from the root of the pia (同)Otaheite arrowroot starch

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クズウコン(病人食として用いられた熱帯アメリカ産の植物)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/06 13:21:25」(JST)

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Arrowroot is a starch obtained from the rhizomes (rootstock) of several tropical plants, traditionally Maranta arundinacea, but also Florida arrowroot from Zamia integrifolia, and tapioca from cassava (Manihot esculenta), which is often labelled as arrowroot. Japanese arrowroot, Pueraria lobata, also called kuzu, is used in similar ways.

History

Archaeological studies in the Americas show evidence of arrowroot cultivation as early as 7,000 years ago. The name may come from aru-aru (meal of meals) in the language of the Caribbean Arawak people, for whom the plant was a staple. It has also been suggested that the name comes from arrowroot's use in treating poison-arrow wounds, as it draws out the poison when applied to the site of the injury.

In the early days of carbonless copy paper, arrowroot, because of its fine grain size, was a widely used ingredient. After an economical way of centrifugally separating wheat flour was devised, arrowroot lost its role in papermaking.^[1]

Cultivation in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

St. Vincent has a long history of arrowroot production. The industry arose from humble beginnings as the food and medicine of the Carib and Garifuna peoples to the status of a major export of St. Vincent during the period 1900 to 1965. It became an important commodity in colonial trade in the 1930s. As the sugar industry declined in the nineteenth century, cultivation of arrowroot was developed to fill the void. Since then, the area cultivated has declined steadily as the crop has been eclipsed by competition from other crops, particularly bananas. Evidence of its former glory is indicated by the ruins of the various magnificent 19th-century factories located in valleys on the St. Vincent mainland.

Arrowroot cultivation is now concentrated on farms located north of the Rabacca River, particularly in the Owia area. This is also the area where the population of Carib descent is concentrated. In 1998/99, the industry produced 312,000 lb (142,000 kg) of starch, about 3% of the peak level in the 1960s.

In the past, the St. Vincent arrowroot industry played an important role in the economy of the island, contributing close to 50% of the country's foreign export earnings, and was the principal source of employment and income of the rural people from the 1930s to the 1960s.

The plant is propagated from other rhizomes and cultivation takes place at elevations up to 300 metres on the eastern and windward facing side of the highlands of St. Vincent. Cultivation covers an area of about 3,700 ha and some 80% of the crop is grown by small farmers. The arrowroot plant is very hardy and not very demanding in its requirements. St. Vincent, particularly the north-east coast, provides the ideal growing conditions for optimal yields; deep, well drained, slightly acidic soils and a hot, humid climate. Some farmers produce the crop by shifting cultivation on the cleared forested slopes.

The harvesting season extends from October to May. On the larger estates, the harvesting of the rhizome usually proceeds from the base of a hill towards the top. Harvesting involves breaking off the rhizome from the shoot. Planting and harvesting are inter-related in that when the rhizomes are harvested the shoot is replanted at the same time. In St. Vincent, much use is made of rural unemployment and many women workers are involved in the various phases of operation. Mechanical harvesters have recently been introduced, allowing faster arrowroot harvesting.

Six factories process the island's arrowroot and large processing plants are located at Belle Vue and at Owia.

Starch extraction process

Arrowroot tubers contain about 23% starch. They are first washed, and then cleaned of the paper-like scale. The scales must be carefully removed before extracting the starch because they impart a disagreeable flavour.^[2] After removing the scale, the roots are washed again, drained and finally reduced to a pulp by beating them in mortars or subjecting them to the action of a wheel rasp. The milky liquid thus obtained is passed through a coarse cloth or hair sieve and the pure starch, which is insoluble, is allowed to settle at the bottom. The wet starch is dried in the sun or in a drying house. The result is a powder, the "arrowroot" of commerce, that is quickly packed for market in air-tight cans, packages or cases.

Arrowroot starch has in the past been quite extensively adulterated with potato starch and other similar substances. Pure arrowroot, like other pure starches, is a light, white powder (the mass feeling firm to the finger and crackling like newly fallen snow when rubbed or pressed), odourless when dry, but emitting a faint, peculiar odour when mixed with boiling water, and swelling on cooking into a perfect jelly, which can be used to make a food that is very smooth in consistency—unlike adulterated articles, mixed with potato flour and other starches of lower value, which contain larger particles.

Microscopically the arrow root starch is oval in shape and with hilum at the proximal end.

Cooking

Custard with an arrowroot biscuit on top

Arrowroot was very popular in the Victorian era, and Napoleon supposedly said the reason for the British love of arrowroot was to support the commerce of their colonies.^[3] It can be consumed in the form of biscuits, puddings, jellies, cakes, hot sauces, and also with beef tea, milk or veal broth. Kudzu arrowroot (Pueraria lobata) is used in noodles in Korean and Vietnamese cuisine. In the Victorian era it was used, boiled with a little flavouring added, as an easily digestible food for children and people with dietary restrictions. With today's greater understanding of its limited nutritional properties, it is no longer used in this way.^[3] In Burma, arrowroot tubers, which are called artarlut, are boiled or steamed and eaten with salt and oil.

Arrowroot makes clear, shimmering fruit gels and prevents ice crystals from forming in homemade ice cream. It can also be used as a thickener for acidic foods, such as Asian sweet and sour sauce. It is used in cooking to produce a clear, thickened sauce, such as a fruit sauce. It will not make the sauce go cloudy, like cornstarch, flour, or other starchy thickening agents would.

The lack of gluten in arrowroot flour makes it useful as a replacement for wheat flour in some baking uses. Like other pure starches, however, arrowroot is almost pure carbohydrates and devoid of protein, thus it does not provide a complete substitute for wheat flour for bread-making, which requires gluten.

Arrowroot thickens at a lower temperature than flour or cornstarch, is not weakened by acidic ingredients, has a more neutral taste, and is not affected by freezing. It does not mix well with dairy, forming a slimy mixture.^[4] It is recommended that arrowroot be mixed with a cool liquid before adding to a hot fluid. The mixture should be heated only until the mixture thickens and removed immediately to prevent the mixture from thinning. Overheating tends to break down arrowroot's thickening property. Two teaspoons of arrowroot can be substituted for one tablespoon of cornstarch, or one teaspoon of arrowroot for one tablespoon of wheat flour.^[5]

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ward, Artemas (1911). The Grocer's Encyclopedia.

^ The Story of Paper-Making
^ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Arrow-Root". Encyclopedia Americana.
^ ^a ^b Bee Wilson (29 October 2001). "Thick and thin". New Statesman. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
^ Starch Thickeners at The Cook's Thesaurus
^ Arrowroot Powder Is A Thickening Agent

External links

arrowroot paper

English Journal

Evaluation of immunostimulatory effect of the arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea. L) in vitro and in vivo.

Kumalasari ID, Harmayani E, Lestari LA, Raharjo S, Asmara W, Nishi K, Sugahara T.SourceFaculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
Cytotechnology.Cytotechnology.2012 Mar;64(2):131-7. Epub 2011 Oct 25.
Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea. L) is an underutilized local crop potentially to be developed as carbohydrate source and functional food in Indonesia. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of arrowroot extracts in vitro by using animal cell culture techniques,
PMID 22038480

From screen to structure with a harvestable microfluidic device.

Stojanoff V, Jakoncic J, Oren DA, Nagarajan V, Poulsen JC, Adams-Cioaba MA, Bergfors T, Sommer MO.SourceNational Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratories, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications.Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun.2011 Aug 1;67(Pt 8):971-5. Epub 2011 Jul 26.
Advances in automation have facilitated the widespread adoption of high-throughput vapour-diffusion methods for initial crystallization screening. However, for many proteins, screening thousands of crystallization conditions fails to yield crystals of sufficient quality for structural characterizati
PMID 21821908

[Study on the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake ability of four plants cultivated on floating-bed].

Wu JQ, Wang M, Wu J, Jiang Y, Sun CJ, Cao Y.SourceShanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233,China. wujq@saes.sh.cn
Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue / [bian ji, Zhongguo ke xue yuan huan jing ke xue wei yuan hui "Huan jing ke xue" bian ji wei yuan hui.].Huan Jing Ke Xue.2011 Apr;32(4):995-9.
Plant floating-bed tested engineering was constructed for eutrophication control in Dian-shan Lake, the characteristics and nutrient uptake abilities of Canna indica, Iris pseudacorus, Thalia dealbata and Lythrum salicaria were compared. It shows that using upper and lower nylon nets to fix the plan
PMID 21717738

Japanese Journal

機能性研究レポート葛の花の利用

新甫勇次郎,吉江紀明,城戸弥生 [他]
Food style 21 16(5), 35-37, 2012-05-00
NAID 40019263307

廃棄葛根を用いたヘミセルロース繊維集合体の作製

松本陽一,西松豊典,東義昭,森鎮雄,福嶋一成
Journal of textile engineering 53(6), 217-223, 2007-12-15
NAID 10019907451

The Effect of Sesame Oil Contents on the Mechanical Properties of Gomatofu (Sesame Tofu) (食品レオロジー特集号)

Sato Emiko,Shinbo Yoshiko,Watanabe Masahide [他],NISHINARI Katsuyoshi
日本レオロジー学会誌 33(2), 101-108, 2005-04-15
… Gomatofu is a mixed gel consisting of kudzu (arrowroot) starch and sesame seeds. …
NAID 10029816522

種々の詰物を入れた昔の和式仕事着の耐寒性

上田一恵,吾郷多喜
武庫川女子大学紀要. 自然科学編 53, 45-52, 2005-00-00
… Before cotton began to be used as material for clothing, not only hemp and silk, but also bast fibers produced from plants such as wisteria, vine of arrowroot, paper mulberry, and Japanese linden were used for weaving cloths. …
NAID 110006200584