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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/03 00:50:59」(JST)
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For the moth genus, see Argyria (moth).
Not to be confused with agyria.
| Argyria | |
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| Classification and external resources | |
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Generalized argyria in a 92-year-old male.
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| ICD-10 | T56.8, L81.8 (ILDS L81.854) |
| ICD-9 | 985.8 |
| DiseasesDB | 29790 |
| eMedicine | derm/595 |
| MeSH | D001129 |
Argyria or argyrosis (from Ancient Greek: ἄργυρος argyros silver) is a condition caused by inappropriate exposure to chemical compounds of the element silver, or to silver dust.[1] The most dramatic symptom of argyria is that the skin turns blue or bluish-grey. It may take the form of generalized argyria or local argyria. Generalized argyria affects large areas over much of the visible surface of the body. Local argyria shows in limited regions of the body, such as patches of skin, parts of the mucous membrane or the conjunctiva.
The terms argyria and argyrosis have long been used interchangeably,[2] with argyria being used more frequently. Argyrosis has been used particularly in referring to argyria of the conjunctiva, but the usage has never been consistent and cannot be relied on except where it has been explicitly specified.[3]
Contents
- 1 Biological effect
- 2 History
- 3 Colloidal silver
- 3.1 Alternative medicine
- 3.2 Cases
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Biological effect
In animals and humans chronic intake of silver products commonly leads to gradual accumulation of silver compounds in various parts of the body.[4] As in photography (where silver is useful because of its sensitivity to light), exposure of pale or colourless silver compounds to sunlight decomposes them to silver metal or silver sulfides. Commonly these products deposit as microscopic particles in the skin, in effect a dark pigment. This condition is known as argyria or argyrosis.
Chronic intake also may lead to silver pigments depositing in other organs exposed to light, particularly the eyes.[5] In the conjunctiva this is not generally harmful, but it also may affect the lens, leading to serious effects.
Localised argyria often results from topical use of substances containing silver, such as some kinds of eye drops. Generalized argyria results from chronically swallowing or inhaling silver compounds, either for medical purposes, or as a result of working with silver or silver compounds.[6]
Argyria is no longer considered irreversible, as it was before. Laser therapy has been used effectively to treat it, with skin being conclusively shown returning to normal coloration after a course of laser therapy.[7][8]
Silver can be potentially toxic to humans at high doses, the risk of serious harm from careful exposure is slight. Careful use of silver or silver compounds will not lead to Argyria. Treatment of external infections is considered safe, oral use of high quality true colloidal silver is safe once dose is carefully monitored. Silver is used in some medical appliances because of its anti-microbial nature, which stems from the Oligodynamic Effect. Chronic ingestion or inhalation of silver preparations (especially colloidal silver) can lead to argyria in the skin and other organs. This is not life-threatening, but is considered by most as cosmetically undesirable.”[4][5][9][10] Argyria is now proven to be reversible by laser treatment, so the Argyria hysteria can now be considered as less of a problem for anyone that might develop the condition.
The reference dose, published by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1991, which represents the estimated daily exposure which is unlikely to incur an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime, is 5 µg/(kg*d).[4]
History
Since at least the mid 19th century, doctors have known that silver or silver compounds can cause some areas of the skin and other body tissues to turn grey or blue-grey.[11][12] Argyria occurs in people who ingest or inhale silver in large quantities over a long period (several months to many years). People who work in factories that manufacture silver can also breathe in silver or its compounds. In the past, some of these workers have become argyric. However, the level of silver in the air and the length of exposure that caused argyria in these workers is not known. Historically, colloidal silver, a liquid suspension of microscopic silver particles, was also used as an internal medication to treat a variety of diseases. In the 1940s, they were overtaken by the use of newly innovated pharmaceutical antibiotics, such as penicillin, which can be as effective, and are much more profitable for manufacturers; due to their patentability.
Colloidal silver
Alternative medicine
See also: Medical uses of silver
Since the 1990s, "colloidal silver" has been marketed as an alternative medicine product, with unsubstantiated claims of effectiveness which are illegal in some jurisdictions[citation needed] . Medical authorities advise against the use of such colloidal silver preparations, as does the published medical literature, because of their lack of proven effectiveness and the risk of side effects.[4][13]
Colloidal silver preparations primarily deliver inactive metallic silver, rather than the active microbicidal silver ion.[14] There is no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of colloidal silver in vivo. Some in vitro studies demonstrate an anti-bacterial effect of colloidal silver.[15]
Cases
A prominent case from ingestion of a silver compound (not colloidal silver) was that of Stan Jones of Montana, a Libertarian candidate for the United States Senate in 2002 and 2006. Jones acquired argyria through consumption of a home-made silver product that he made due to stress-related dermatitis he suffered since the death of his father.[16] The peculiar colouration of his skin was featured prominently in media coverage of his unsuccessful campaign, though Jones contends that the best-known photo was "doctored".[17] Jones promised that he was not using his silvery complexion as a gimmick. He continues to promote the use of colloidal silver as a home remedy.[17] He has said that his good health, excepting the unusual skin tone, is the result of his use of colloidal silver.[17]
In 2007 press reports described Paul Karason, an American man whose entire skin gradually turned blue after consuming colloidal silver made by himself with distilled water, salt and silver, and using a silver salve on his face in an attempt to treat problems with his sinus, dermatitis, acid reflux and other issues. Karason died on September 23, 2013 after suffering a heart attack and stroke; which were not related to his use of silver.[18][19]
See also
- Carotenodermia
- Chrysiasis
- Methemoglobinemia, another condition known for causing blue skin coloration
- Amalgam tattoo
References
- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M.; Odom, Richard B. (2006). Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 858. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. OCLC 62736861.
- ^ Guttmann, Paul. tr. by A. Napier. A handbook of physical diagnosis comprising the throat, thorax and abdomen. 1879. May be downloaded from https://archive.org/details/ahandbookphysic02guttgoog
- ^ Fox, Lawrance Webster. A practical treatise on ophthalmology. Pub. D. Appleton and company NY. 1920. May be downloaded from https://archive.org/details/apracticaltreat00foxgoog
- ^ a b c d Fung MC, Bowen DL (1996). "Silver products for medical indications: risk-benefit assessment". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 34 (1): 119–26. doi:10.3109/15563659609020246. PMID 8632503.
- ^ a b Lansdown AB (2006). "Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use". Current Problems in Dermatology. Current Problems in Dermatology 33: 17–34. doi:10.1159/000093928. ISBN 3-8055-8121-1. PMID 16766878.
- ^ Brandt D, Park B, Hoang M, Jacobe HT (August 2005). "Argyria secondary to ingestion of homemade silver solution". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 53 (2 Suppl 1): S105–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.026. PMID 16021155.
- ^ Successful treatment of argyria using a low-fluence Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser. Han TY1, Chang HS, Lee HK, Son SJ.
- ^ Han TY1, Chang HS, Lee HK, Son SJ. "Successful treatment of argyria using a low-fluence Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser".
- ^ http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts146.html
- ^ http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp146-c1.pdf
- ^ London Medical Gazette: Or, Journal of Practical Medicine. 1843. pp. 791–. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ The Cincinnati Lancet and Observer. E.B. Stevens. 1859. pp. 141–. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ "Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Final rule". Federal Register 64 (158): 44653–8. August 1999. PMID 10558603.
- ^ Okan D, Woo K, Sibbald RG (June 2007). "So what if you are blue? Oral colloidal silver and argyria are out: safe dressings are in". Advances in Skin & Wound Care 20 (6): 326–30. doi:10.1097/01.ASW.0000276415.91750.0f. PMID 17538258.
Colloidal silver suspensions are solutions of submicroscopic metallic silver particles suspended in a colloid base. These products deliver predominantly inactive metallic silver, not the antimicrobial ionized form.
- ^ Tien DC, Tseng KH, Liao CY, Tsung TT (October 2008). "Colloidal silver fabrication using the spark discharge system and its antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus". Medical Engineering & Physics 30 (8): 948–52. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.10.007. PMID 18069039.
- ^ NBC Article
- ^ a b c Stan Jones letter
- ^ Meet the man with blue skin - Paul Karason | The Daily Telegraph
- ^ Feeling Blue Over Skin Color | ABC News
External links
- CDC Public Health Statement for Silver. 1990 alert from U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Accessed February 24, 2007.
- "Rosemary's Story." Rosemary Jacobs explains her argyria; includes photographs. Accessed February 24, 2007.
- "Systemic Argyria Associated With Ingestion of Colloidal Silver." by Akhil Wadhera, MD and Max Fung, MD. Dermatology Journal Online. Accessed February 24, 1997.
- "Blue Man Seeks Acceptance" about another victim of argyria due to colloidal silver.
- "Man Turns Blue", by Duncan Hooper, telegraph.co.uk, Dec. 21, 2007.
- "This Man Turned Blue (video)", NBC Today Show, Matt Lauer interview, aired January 7, 2008.
- Chemistry behind the ‘blue man’ unlocked", by Josh Howgego, Chemistry World, 1 November 2012.
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Interaction evaluation of silver and dithizone complexes using DFT calculations and NMR analysis.
- Wasukan N1, Srisung S2, Kuno M3, Kulthong K4, Maniratanachote R4.
- Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2015 Oct 5;149:830-8. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.064. Epub 2015 May 12.
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- PMID 26001102
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- Butzmann CM1, Technau-Hafsi K1, Bross F1.
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Related Links
- Argyria (from Greek: ἄργυρος argyros silver + -ia) is a condition caused by improper exposure to chemical forms of the element silver, silver dust, or silver compounds. The most dramatic symptom of argyria is that the skin becomes blue or ...
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| リンク元 | 「銀皮症」「銀中毒」 |
「銀皮症」
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