関: vasotocin

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a bitter tasting amino acid found in proteins and necessary for nutrition; its absence from the diet leads to a reduced production of spermatozoa

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/17 21:13:39」(JST)

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Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels. Vasopressin regulates the body's retention of water by acting to increase water absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron.^[1]^[2] Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that increases water permeability of the kidney's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane.^[3] It also increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary. Most of it is stored in the posterior pituitary to be released into the bloodstream. However, some AVP may also be released directly into the brain, and accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important role in social behavior, sexual motivation and bonding, and maternal responses to stress. It has a very short half-life between 16-24 minutes.^[2]

1 Physiology
- 1.1 Function
  - 1.1.1 Kidney
  - 1.1.2 Cardiovascular system
  - 1.1.3 Central nervous system
- 1.2 Control
- 1.3 Secretion
- 1.4 Receptors
2 Structure and relation to oxytocin
3 Role in disease
- 3.1 Lack of AVP
- 3.2 Excess AVP
4 Pharmacology
- 4.1 Vasopressin analogues
- 4.2 The role of vasopressin analogues in cardiac arrest
  - 4.2.1 Vasopressin vs. epinephrine
  - 4.2.2 Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone
  - 4.2.3 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines
- 4.3 Vasopressin receptor inhibition
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links

Physiology[edit]

Function[edit]

One of the most important roles of AVP is to regulate the body's retention of water; it is released when the body is dehydrated and causes the kidneys to conserve water, thus concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. At high concentrations, it also raises blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction. In addition, it has a variety of neurological effects on the brain, having been found, for example, to influence pair-bonding in voles. The high-density distributions of vasopressin receptor AVPr1a in prairie vole ventral forebrain regions have been shown to facilitate and coordinate reward circuits during partner preference formation, critical for pair bond formation.^[4]

A very similar substance, lysine vasopressin (LVP) or lypressin, has the same function in pigs and is often used in human therapy.

Kidney[edit]

Vasopressin has two main effects by which it contributes to increased urine osmolarity (increased concentration) and decreased water excretion:

Increasing the water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine, i.e., antidiuresis. This occurs through insertion of water channels (Aquaporin-2) into the apical membrane of distal tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells. Aquaporins allow water to move down their osmotic gradient and out of the nephron, increasing the amount of water re-absorbed from the filtrate (forming urine) back into the bloodstream.
V2 receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors on the basolateral plasma membrane of the epithelial cells, couple to the heterotrimeric G-protein G_s, which activates adenylyl cyclases III and VI to convert ATP into cAMP, plus 2 inorganic phosphates. The rise in cAMP then triggers the insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels by exocytosis of intracellular vesicles, recycling endosomes. Vasopressin also increases the concentration of calcium in the collecting duct cells, by episodic release from intracellular stores. Vasopressin, acting through cAMP, also increases transcription of the aquaporin-2 gene, thus increasing the total number of aquaporin-2 molecules in collecting duct cells.
Cyclic-AMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) by binding to its regulatory subunits and allowing them to detach from the catalytic subunits. Detachment exposes the catalytic site in the enzyme, allowing it to add phosphate groups to proteins (including the aquaporin-2 protein), which alters their functions.
Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters,^[5] which facilitates its reabsorption into the medullary interstitium as it travels down the concentration gradient created by removing water from the connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, and outer medullary collecting duct.

Cardiovascular system[edit]

Vasopressin increases peripheral vascular resistance (vasoconstriction) and thus increases arterial blood pressure. This effect appears small in healthy individuals; however it becomes an important compensatory mechanism for restoring blood pressure in hypovolemic shock such as that which occurs during hemorrhage.

Central nervous system[edit]

Avp is expressed in the periventricular region of the hypothalamus in the adult mouse.^[6] Allen Brain Atlases

Vasopressin released within the brain has many actions:

It has been implicated in memory formation, including delayed reflexes, image, short- and long-term memory, though the mechanism remains unknown; these findings are controversial. However, the synthetic vasopressin analogue desmopressin has come to interest as a likely nootropic.

Vasopressin is released into the brain in a circadian rhythm by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus.

Vasopressin released from centrally projecting hypothalamic neurons is involved in aggression, blood pressure regulation, and temperature regulation.

It is likely that vasopressin acts in conjunction with corticotropin-releasing hormone to modulate the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal gland in response to stress, particularly during pregnancy and lactation in mammals.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Selective AVPr1a blockade in the ventral pallidum has been shown to prevent partner preference in prairie voles, suggesting that these receptors in this ventral forebrain region are crucial for pair bonding.^[4]

Recent evidence suggests that vasopressin may have analgesic effects. The analgesia effects of vasopressin were found to be dependent on both stress and gender.^[10]

Evidence for this comes from experimental studies in several species, which indicate that the precise distribution of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors in the brain is associated with species-typical patterns of social behavior. In particular, there are consistent differences between monogamous species and promiscuous species in the distribution of AVP receptors, and sometimes in the distribution of vasopressin-containing axons, even when closely related species are compared.^[11] Moreover, studies involving either injecting AVP agonists into the brain or blocking the actions of AVP support the hypothesis that vasopressin is involved in aggression toward other males. There is also evidence that differences in the AVP receptor gene between individual members of a species might be predictive of differences in social behavior. One study has suggested that genetic variation in male humans affects pair-bonding behavior. The brain of males uses vasopressin as a reward for forming lasting bonds with a mate, and men with one or two of the genetic alleles are more likely to experience marital discord. The partners of the men with two of the alleles affecting vasopressin reception state disappointing levels of satisfaction, affection, and cohesion.^[12] Vasopressin receptors distributed along the reward circuit pathway, to be specific in the ventral pallidum, are activated when AVP is released during social interactions such as mating, in monogamous prairie voles. The activation of the reward circuitry reinforces this behavior, leading to conditioned partner preference, and thereby initiates the formation of a pair bond.^[13]

Control[edit]

Vasopressin is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland in response to reductions in plasma volume, in response to increases in the plasma osmolality, and in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted by the small intestine:

Secretion in response to reduced plasma volume is activated by pressure receptors in the veins, atria, and carotids.
Secretion in response to increases in plasma osmotic pressure is mediated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
Secretion in response to increases in plasma CCK is mediated by an unknown pathway.

The neurons that make AVP, in the hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN), are themselves osmoreceptors, but they also receive synaptic input from other osmoreceptors located in regions adjacent to the anterior wall of the third ventricle. These regions include the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the subfornical organ.

Many factors influence the secretion of vasopressin:

Ethanol (alcohol) reduces the calcium-dependent secretion of AVP by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels in neurohypophyseal nerve terminals.^[14]
Angiotensin II stimulates AVP secretion, in keeping with its general pressor and pro-volumic effects on the body.^[15]
Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits AVP secretion, in part by inhibiting Angiotensin II-induced stimulation of AVP secretion.^[15]

Secretion[edit]

The main stimulus for secretion of vasopressin is increased osmolality of plasma. Reduced volume of extracellular fluid also has this effect, but is a less sensitive mechanism.

The AVP that is measured in peripheral blood is almost all derived from secretion from the posterior pituitary gland (except in cases of AVP-secreting tumours). Vasopressin is produced by magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) and Supraoptic nucleus (SON). It then travels down the axon through the infundibulum within neurosecretory granules that are found within Herring bodies, localized swellings of the axons and nerve terminals. These carry the peptide directly to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is stored until released into the blood. However there are two other sources of AVP with important local effects:

AVP is also synthesized by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons at the PVN, transported and released at the median eminence, which then travels through the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates corticotropic cells synergistically with CRH to produce ACTH (by itself it is a weak secretagogue).^[16]
Vasopressin is also released into the brain by several different populations of smaller neurons.

Receptors[edit]

Below is a table summarizing some of the actions of AVP at its four receptors, differently expressed in different tissues and exerting different actions:

Type	Second messenger system	Locations	Actions
AVPR1A	Phosphatidylinositol/calcium	Liver, kidney, peripheral vasculature, brain	Vasoconstriction, gluconeogenesis, platelet aggregation, and release of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor; social recognition,^[17] circadian tau^[18]
AVPR1B or AVPR3	Phosphatidylinositol/calcium	Pituitary gland, brain	Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to stress;^[19] social interpretation of olfactory cues^[20]
AVPR2	Adenylate cyclase/cAMP	Basolateral membrane of the cells lining the collecting ducts of the kidneys (especially the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts)	Insertion of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) channels (water channels). This allows water to be reabsorbed down an osmotic gradient, and so the urine is more concentrated. Release of von Willebrand factor and surface expression of P-selectin through exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies from endothelial cells^[21]^[22]
VACM-1	Phosphatidylinositol/calcium	Vascular endothelium and renal collecting tubules	Increases cytosolic calcium and acts as an inverse agonist of cAMP accumulation^[23]

Structure and relation to oxytocin[edit]

Chemical structure of the argipressin (indicating that this compound is of the vasopressin family with an arginine at the 8th amino acid position.

Chemical structure of oxytocin

The vasopressins are peptides consisting of nine amino acids (nonapeptides). (NB: the value in the table above of 164 amino acids is that obtained before the hormone is activated by cleavage). The amino acid sequence of arginine vasopressin is Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly, with the cysteine residues forming a disulfide bond. Lysine vasopressin has a lysine in place of the arginine.

The structure of oxytocin is very similar to that of the vasopressins: It is also a nonapeptide with a disulfide bridge and its amino acid sequence differs at only two positions (see table below). The two genes are located on the same chromosome separated by a relatively small distance of less than 15,000 bases in most species. The magnocellular neurons that make vasopressin are adjacent to magnocellular neurons that make oxytocin, and are similar in many respects. The similarity of the two peptides can cause some cross-reactions: oxytocin has a slight antidiuretic function, and high levels of AVP can cause uterine contractions.^[24]^[25]

Below is a table showing the superfamily of vasopressin and oxytocin neuropeptides:

Vertebrate Vasopressin Family
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Argipressin (AVP, ADH)	Most mammals
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH2	Lypressin (LVP)	Pigs, hippos, warthogs, some marsupials
Cys-Phe-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Phenypressin	Some marsupials
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Vasotocin†	Non-mammals
Vertebrate Oxytocin Family
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2	Oxytocin (OXT)	Most mammals, ratfish
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Pro-Gly-NH2	Prol-Oxytocin	Some New World monkeys, northern tree shrews
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Mesotocin	Most marsupials, all birds, reptiles, amphibians, lungfishes, coelacanths
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Seritocin	Frogs
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Isotocin	Bony fishes
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Ser-Asn-Cys-Pro-Gln-Gly-NH2	Glumitocin	Skates
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Asn/Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu/Val-Gly-NH2	Various tocins	Sharks
Invertebrate VP/OT Superfamily
Cys-Leu-Ile-Thr-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Diuretic Hormone	Locust
Cys-Phe-Val-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Thr-Gly-NH2	Annetocin	Earthworm
Cys-Phe-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Lys-Gly-NH2	Lys-Connopressin	Geography & imperial cone snail, pond snail, sea hare, leech
Cys-Ile-Ile-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly-NH2	Arg-Connopressin	Striped cone snail
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Arg-Asn-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Cephalotocin	Octopus
Cys-Phe-Trp-Thr-Ser-Cys-Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2	Octopressin	Octopus
†Vasotocin is the evolutionary progenitor of all the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones.^[26]

Role in disease[edit]

Lack of AVP[edit]

Decreased AVP release or decreased renal sensitivity to AVP leads to diabetes insipidus, a condition featuring hypernatremia (increased blood sodium concentration), polyuria (excess urine production), and polydipsia (thirst).

Excess AVP[edit]

High levels of AVP secretion may lead to hyponatremia. In many cases, the AVP secretion is appropriate (due to severe hypovolemia), and the state is labelled "hypovolemic hyponatremia". In certain disease states (heart failure, nephrotic syndrome) the body fluid volume is increased but AVP production is not suppressed for various reasons; this state is labelled "hypervolemic hyponatremia". A proportion of cases of hyponatremia feature neither hyper- nor hypovolemia. In this group (labelled "euvolemic hyponatremia"), AVP secretion is either driven by a lack of cortisol or thyroxine (hypoadrenalism and hypothyroidism, respectively) or a very low level of urinary solute excretion (potomania, low-protein diet), or it is entirely inappropriate. This last category is classified as the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).^[27]

SIADH in turn can be caused by a number of problems. Some forms of cancer can cause SIADH, particularly small cell lung carcinoma but also a number of other tumors. A variety of diseases affecting the brain or the lung (infections, bleeding) can be the driver behind SIADH. A number of drugs has been associated with SIADH, such as certain antidepressants (serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants), the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, oxytocin (used to induce and stimulate labor), and the chemotherapy drug vincristine. It has also been associated with fluoroqionolones, moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin.^[2] Finally, it can occur without a clear explanation.^[27]

Hyponatremia can be treated pharmaceutically through the use of vasopressin receptor antagonists.^[27]

Pharmacology[edit]

Vasopressin analogues[edit]

Vasopressin agonists are used therapeutically in various conditions, and its long-acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring low vasopressin secretion, as well as for control of bleeding (in some forms of von Willebrand disease and in mild haemophilia A) and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children. Terlipressin and related analogues are used as vasoconstrictors in certain conditions. Use of vasopressin analogues for esophageal varices commenced in 1970.^[28]

Vasopressin infusion has also been used as a second line of management in septic shock patients not responding to high dose of inotropes (e.g., dopamine or norepinephrine).

The role of vasopressin analogues in cardiac arrest[edit]

Injection of vasopressors for the treatment of cardiac arrest was first suggested in the literature in 1896 when Austrian scientist Dr. R. Gottlieb described the vasopressor epinephrine as an "infusion of a solution of suprarenal extract [that] would restore circulation when the blood pressure had been lowered to unrecordable levels by chloral hydrate."^[29] Modern interest in vasopressors as a treatment for cardiac arrest stem mostly from canine studies performed in the 1960s by anesthesiologists Dr. John W. Pearson and Dr. Joseph Stafford Redding in which they demonstrated improved outcomes with the use of adjunct intracardiac epinephrine injection during resuscitation attempts after induced cardiac arrest.^[29] Also contributing to the idea that vasopressors may be useful treatments in cardiac arrest are studies performed in the early to mid 1990's that found significantly higher levels of endogenous serum vasopressin in adults after successful resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared to those who did not live.^[30]^[31] Results of animal models have supported the use of either vasopressin or epinephrine in cardiac arrest resuscitation attempts, showing improved coronary perfusion pressure^[32] and overall improvement in short-term survival as well as neurological outcomes.^[33]

Vasopressin vs. epinephrine[edit]

Table 1. Meta-analysis of outcomes for patients treated with vasopressin versus epinephrine^[32]
	RR (95% CI)
Failure of ROSC	0.81 (0.58-1.12)
Death before hospital admission	0.72 (0.38-1.39)
Death within 24 hours	0.74 (0.38-1.43)
Death before hospital discharge	0.96 (0.87-1.05)
Number of deaths and neurologically impaired survivors	1.00 (0.94-1.07)

Although both vasopressors, vasopressin and epinephrine differ in that vasopressin does not have direct effects on cardiac contractility as epinephrine does.^[33] Thus, vasopressin is theorized to be of increased benefit over epinephrine in cardiac arrest due to its properties of not increasing myocardial and cerebral oxygen demands.^[33] This idea has led to the advent of several studies searching for the presence of a clinical difference in benefit of these two treatment choices. Initial small studies demonstrated improved outcomes with vasopressin in comparison to epinephrine.^[34] However, subsequent studies have not all been in agreement. Several randomized controlled trials have been unable to reproduce positive results with vasopressin treatment in both return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival to hospital discharge,^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] including a systematic review and meta-analysis completed in 2005 that found no evidence of a significant difference with vasopressin in five studied outcomes (see Table 1).^[32]

Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone[edit]

Table 2. Significant outcomes for combined vasopressin and epinephrine treatment
	RR (95% CI)	p value
ROSC^[37]	1.42 (1.14-1.77)
Survival to hospital admission^[38]	1.42 (1.02-2.04)	0.05
In subgroup: PEA^[38]	1.30 (0.90-2.06)	0.02
In subgroup: Collapse to ED arrival time of 15–30 minutes^[38]	1.22 (1.01-1.49)	0.05
In subgroup: Collapse to ED arrival time of 30–45 minutes^[38]	1.11 (1.00-1.24)	0.05
Survival to hospital discharge^[37]	3.69 (1.52-8.95)

There is no current evidence of significant survival benefit with improved neurological outcomes in patients given combinations of both epinephrine and vasopressin during cardiac arrest.^[32]^[35]^[39]^[40] A systematic review from 2008 did, however, find one study that showed a statistically significant improvement in ROSC and survival to hospital discharge with this combination treatment; unfortunately, those patients that survived to hospital discharge had overall poor outcomes and many suffered permanent, severe neurological damage.^[37]^[40] A more recently published clinical trial out of Singapore has shown similar results, finding combination treatment to only improve the rate of survival to hospital admission, especially in the subgroup analysis of patients with longer "collapse to emergency department" arrival times of 15 to 45 minutes.^[38] Table 2 lists all statistically significant findings of a correlation between combined treatment and positive outcomes found in these two studies.

2010 American Heart Association Guidelines[edit]

The 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care recommend the consideration of vasopressor treatment in the form of epinephrine in adults with cardiac arrest (Class IIb, LOE A recommendation).^[41] Due to the absence of evidence that vasopressin administered instead of or in addition to epinephrine has significant positive outcomes, the guidelines do not currently contain vasopressin as a part of the cardiac arrest algorithms.^[41] It does, however, allow for one dose of vasopressin to replace either the first or second dose of epinephrine in the treatment of cardiac arrest (Class IIb, LOE A recommendation).^[41]

Vasopressin receptor inhibition[edit]

Main article: vasopressin receptor antagonist

A vasopressin receptor antagonist is an agent that interferes with action at the vasopressin receptors. They can be used in the treatment of hyponatremia.^[42]

References[edit]

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^ Joo KW, Jeon US, Kim GH, Park J, Oh YK, Kim YS, Ahn C, Kim S, Kim SY, Lee JS, Han JS (October 2004). "Antidiuretic action of oxytocin is associated with increased urinary excretion of aquaporin-2". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19 (10): 2480–6. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh413. PMID 15280526.
^ Acher R, Chauvet J (July 1995). "The neurohypophysial endocrine regulatory cascade: precursors, mediators, receptors, and effectors". Front Neuroendocrinol 16 (3): 237–89. doi:10.1006/frne.1995.1009. PMID 7556852.
^ ^a ^b ^c Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Schrier RW, Sterns RH (November 2007). "Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007: expert panel recommendations". Am. J. Med. 120 (11 Suppl 1): S1–21. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.09.001. PMID 17981159.
^ Baum S, Nusbaum M, Tumen HJ (1970). "The control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by selective mesenteric infusion of pitressin". Gastroenterology 58: 926.
^ ^a ^b Pearson JW, Redding JS (Sep-Oct 1963). "The role of epinephrine in cardiac resuscitation". Anesth. Analg. 42 (5): 599–606. doi:10.1213/00000539-196309000-00022. PMID 14061643.
^ Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, Hetzel WD, Ahnefeld FW, Georgieff M (October 1992). "Stress hormone response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation". Anesthesiology 77 (4): 662–8. doi:10.1097/00000542-199210000-00008. PMID 1329579.
^ Lindner KH, Haak T, Keller A, Bothner U, Lurie KG (February 1996). "Release of endogenous vasopressors during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation". Heart 75 (2): 145–50. doi:10.1136/hrt.75.2.145. PMC 484250. PMID 8673752.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Aung K, Htay T (January 2005). "Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.1.17. PMID 15642869.
^ ^a ^b ^c Williamson K, Breed M, Alibertis K, Brady WJ (February 2012). "The impact of the code drugs: cardioactive medications in cardiac arrest resuscitation". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 30 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2011.09.008. PMID 22107975.
^ ^a ^b Lee SW (August 2011). "Drugs in resuscitation: an update". Singapore Med J 52 (8): 596–602. PMID 21879219.
^ ^a ^b Callaway CW, Hostler D, Doshi AA, Pinchalk M, Roth RN, Lubin J, Newman DH, Kelly LJ (November 2006). "Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest". Am. J. Cardiol. 98 (10): 1316–21. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.022. PMID 17134621.
^ Stiell IG, Hébert PC, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL, Tang AS, Higginson LA, Dreyer JF, Clement C, Battram E, Watpool I, Mason S, Klassen T, Weitzman BN (July 2001). "Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 358 (9276): 105–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05328-4. PMID 11463411.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH (January 2004). "A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (2): 105–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa025431. PMID 14711909.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ong ME, Tiah L, Leong BS, Tan EC, Ong VY, Tan EA, Poh BY, Pek PP, Chen Y (February 2012). "A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department". Resuscitation 83 (8): 953–60. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.02.005. PMID 22353644.
^ Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E, Hubert H, Dubien PY, Mauriaucourt P, Bragança C, Billères X, Clotteau-Lambert MP, Fuster P, Thiercelin D, Debaty G, Ricard-Hibon A, Roux P, Espesson C, Querellou E, Ducros L, Ecollan P, Halbout L, Savary D, Guillaumée F, Maupoint R, Capelle P, Bracq C, Dreyfus P, Nouguier P, Gache A, Meurisse C, Boulanger B, Lae C, Metzger J, Raphael V, Beruben A, Wenzel V, Guinhouya C, Vilhelm C, Marret E (July 2008). "Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706873. PMID 18596271.
^ ^a ^b Sillberg VA, Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Wells GA (December 2008). "Is the combination of vasopressin and epinephrine superior to repeated doses of epinephrine alone in the treatment of cardiac arrest-a systematic review". Resuscitation 79 (3): 380–6. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.020. PMID 18951676.
^ ^a ^b ^c Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Kudenchuk PJ, Ornato JP, McNally B, Silvers SM, Passman RS, White RD, Hess EP, Tang W, Davis D, Sinz E, Morrison LJ (November 2010). "Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation 122 (18 Suppl 3): S729–67. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988. PMID 20956224.
^ Palm C, Pistrosch F, Herbrig K, Gross P (July 2006). "Vasopressin antagonists as aquaretic agents for the treatment of hyponatremia". Am. J. Med. 119 (7 Suppl 1): S87–92. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.014. PMID 16843091.

External links[edit]

Molecular neurobiology of social bonding: Implications for autism spectrum disorders a lecture by Prof. Larry Young, Jan. 4, 2010.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 負荷試験に対する薬剤およびメチルキサンチンの影響 impact of medications and methylxanthines on stress testing
2. Complementary and alternative treatments for anxiety symptoms and disorders: Herbs and medications
3. 尿素サイクル障害：管理 urea cycle disorders management
4. 成人における成長ホルモン欠乏症 growth hormone deficiency in adults
5. 重症患者における栄養補給：経腸栄養 nutrition support in critically ill patients enteral nutrition

English Journal

Adaptive changes in zebrafish brain in dominant-subordinate behavioral context.

Pavlidis M, Sundvik M, Chen YC, Panula P.SourceNeuroscience Center and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2011 Dec 1;225(2):529-37. Epub 2011 Aug 22.
Male zebrafish were held in dyadic social stress situation for a period of 5 days, to characterize stress coping styles and to investigate the role of the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms in establishing dominant-subordinate relationships. A strong consistent dominant-subordinate relationship wa
PMID 21875623

Tubular GFP uptake pattern in the rat and frog kidneys.

Prutskova NP, Seliverstova EV.SourceLaboratory of Renal Physiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. nprutsk@iephb.ru
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2011 Oct;160(2):175-83. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
The renal tubular uptake of green fluorescent protein (GFP) after its bolus intravenous injection was studied in both frogs and rats. GFP fluorescence in the proximal tubule (PT) was revealed by fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Granular GFP fluorescence was observed nearby in the apical membrane
PMID 21664287

Japanese Journal

Localization of water channels in the skin of two species of desert toads, Anaxyrus (Bufo) punctatus and Incilius (Bufo) alvarius

Shibata Yuki,Takeuchi Hiro-aki,Hasegawa Takahiro [他]
Zoological science 28(9), 664-670, 2011-09
NAID 40018988020

産卵鶏の卵管の主要な5つの部位におけるバソトシンの特異的結合について

高橋哲也,田中ゆりこ,渡辺雄貴 [他]
医学と生物学 155(7), 439-444, 2011-07
NAID 40018905982

「バソトシン」

Arginine vasopressin
	; Space-filling model of arginine vasopressin
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1jk4, 1jk6, 1npo, 2bn2
Identifiers
Symbols	AVP; ADH; ARVP; AVP-NPII; AVRP; VP
External IDs	OMIM: 192340 MGI: 88121 HomoloGene: 417 GeneCards: AVP Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• protein kinase activity; • signal transducer activity; • receptor binding; • neuropeptide hormone activity; • neurohypophyseal hormone activity; • V1A vasopressin receptor binding; • V1B vasopressin receptor binding; • cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space; • cytosol; • secretory granule; • dendrite;
Biological process	• maternal aggressive behavior; • positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure; • generation of precursor metabolites and energy; • protein phosphorylation; • water transport; • signal transduction; • elevation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration; • cell-cell signaling; • negative regulation of female receptivity; • grooming behavior; • locomotory behavior; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • positive regulation of gene expression; • positive regulation of glutamate secretion; • positive regulation of cell growth; • positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of cellular pH reduction; • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; • response to nicotine; • social behavior; • regulation of renal sodium excretion; • vasoconstriction; • hyperosmotic salinity response; • maternal behavior; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • penile erection; • negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; • sodium-independent organic anion transport; • response to ethanol; • positive regulation of vasoconstriction; • multicellular organismal water homeostasis; • negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse; • transmembrane transport; • ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; • protein kinase C signaling cascade; • negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	This box: view; talk; edit;

　　[★]

英: vasotocin VT
関: アルギニンバソトシン arginine vasotocin

「アルギニンバソトシン」

　　[★]

英: arginine vasotocin
関: バソトシン

[isbn0-387-30348-0-1] Caldwell HK, Young WS III (2006). "Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications". In Lajtha A, Lim R. Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 573–607. ISBN 0-387-30348-0.

[babar2013-2] Babar SM (October 2013). "SIADH associated with ciprofloxacin". Ann Pharmacother 47 (10): 1359–63. doi:10.1177/1060028013502457. PMID 24259701.

[pmid7532304-3] Nielsen S, Chou CL, Marples D, Christensen EI, Kishore BK, Knepper MA (February 1995). "Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels to plasma membrane". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (4): 1013–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1013. PMC 42627. PMID 7532304.

[Young2004-4] Lim MM, Young LJ (2004). "Vasopressin-dependent neural circuits underlying pair bond formation in the monogamous prairie vole". Neuroscience 125 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.008. PMID 15051143.

[pmid21686211-5] Sands JM, Blount MA, Klein JD (2011). "Regulation of renal urea transport by vasopressin". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 122: 82–92. PMC 3116377. PMID 21686211.

[pmid17437647-6] Liu Z, Yan SF, Walker JR, Zwingman TA, Jiang T, Li J, Zhou Y (2007). "Study of gene function based on spatial co-expression in a high-resolution mouse brain atlas". BMC Syst Biol 1: 19. doi:10.1186/1752-0509-1-19. PMC 1863433. PMID 17437647.

[pmid1649836-7] Goland RS, Wardlaw SL, MacCarter G, Warren WB, Stark RI (August 1991). "Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responses to vasopressin during pregnancy". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73 (2): 257–61. doi:10.1210/jcem-73-2-257. PMID 1649836.

[pmid15591137-8] Ma S, Shipston MJ, Morilak D, Russell JA (March 2005). "Reduced hypothalamic vasopressin secretion underlies attenuated adrenocorticotropin stress responses in pregnant rats". Endocrinology 146 (3): 1626–37. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1368. PMID 15591137.

[pmid10520124-9] Toufexis DJ, Tesolin S, Huang N, Walker C (October 1999). "Altered pituitary sensitivity to corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin participates in the stress hyporesponsiveness of lactation in the rat". J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 (10): 757–64. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00381.x. PMID 10520124.

[pmid22119947-10] Wiltshire T, Maixner W, Diatchenko L (December 2011). "Relax, you won't feel the pain". Nat. Neurosci. 14 (12): 1496–7. doi:10.1038/nn.2987. PMID 22119947.

[Young2009-11] Young LJ (October 2009). "The neuroendocrinology of the social brain". Front Neuroendocrinol 30 (4): 425–8. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.06.002. PMID 19596026.

[pmid18765804-12] Walum H, Westberg L, Henningsson S, Neiderhiser JM, Reiss D, Igl W, Ganiban JM, Spotts EL, Pedersen NL, Eriksson E, Lichtenstein P (September 2008). "Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (37): 14153–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803081105. PMC 2533683. PMID 18765804.

[Pitkow.282001.29-13] Pitkow LJ, Sharer CA, Ren X, Insel TR, Terwilliger EF, Young LJ (September 2001). "Facilitation of affiliation and pair-bond formation by vasopressin receptor gene transfer into the ventral forebrain of a monogamous vole". J. Neurosci. 21 (18): 7392–6. PMID 11549749.

[14] Wang X, Dayanithi G, Lemos JR, Nordmann JJ, Treistman SN (1991). "Calcium currents and peptide release from neurohypophysial terminals are inhibited by ethanol". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 259 (2): 705–11. PMID 1941619.

[Matsukawa-15] Matsukawa T, Miyamoto T (March 2011). "Angiotensin II-stimulated secretion of arginine vasopressin is inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide in humans". Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 300 (3): R624–9. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00324.2010. PMID 21123762.

[pmid2830315-16] Salata RA, Jarrett DB, Verbalis JG, Robinson AG (March 1988). "Vasopressin stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) in humans. In vivo bioassay of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which provides evidence for CRF mediation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH". J. Clin. Invest. 81 (3): 766–74. doi:10.1172/JCI113382. PMC 442524. PMID 2830315.

[pmid14647484-17] Bielsky IF, Hu SB, Szegda KL, Westphal H, Young LJ (March 2004). "Profound impairment in social recognition and reduction in anxiety-like behavior in vasopressin V1a receptor knockout mice". Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (3): 483–93. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300360. PMID 14647484.

[pmid17083331-18] Wersinger SR, Caldwell HK, Martinez L, Gold P, Hu SB, Young WS (August 2007). "Vasopressin 1a receptor knockout mice have a subtle olfactory deficit but normal aggression". Genes Brain Behav. 6 (6): 540–51. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00281.x. PMID 17083331.

[pmid17122081-19] Lolait SJ, Stewart LQ, Jessop DS, Young WS, O'Carroll AM (February 2007). "The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in mice lacking functional vasopressin V1b receptors". Endocrinology 148 (2): 849–56. doi:10.1210/en.2006-1309. PMC 2040022. PMID 17122081.

[pmid15555506-20] Wersinger SR, Kelliher KR, Zufall F, Lolait SJ, O'Carroll AM, Young WS (December 2004). "Social motivation is reduced in vasopressin 1b receptor null mice despite normal performance in an olfactory discrimination task". Horm Behav 46 (5): 638–45. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.07.004. PMID 15555506.

[pmid7545469-21] Kanwar S, Woodman RC, Poon MC, Murohara T, Lefer AM, Davenpeck KL, Kubes P (1 October 1995). "Desmopressin induces endothelial P-selectin expression and leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules". Blood 86 (7): 2760–6. PMID 7545469.

[pmid10880054-22] Kaufmann JE, Oksche A, Wollheim CB, Günther G, Rosenthal W, Vischer UM (July 2000). "Vasopressin-induced von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells involves V2 receptors and cAMP". J. Clin. Invest. 106 (1): 107–16. doi:10.1172/JCI9516. PMC 314363. PMID 10880054.

[pmid17950367-23] Buchwalter A, Van Dort C, Schultz S, Smith R, Le IP, Abbott JL, Oosterhouse E, Johnson AE, Hansen-Smith F, Burnatowska-Hledin M (March 2008). "Expression of VACM-1/cul5 mutant in endothelial cells induces MAPK phosphorylation and maspin degradation and converts cells to the angiogenic phenotype". Microvasc. Res. 75 (2): 155–68. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2007.08.004. PMID 17950367.

[pmid18057218-24] Li C, Wang W, Summer SN, Westfall TD, Brooks DP, Falk S, Schrier RW (February 2008). "Molecular mechanisms of antidiuretic effect of oxytocin". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19 (2): 225–32. doi:10.1681/ASN.2007010029. PMC 2396735. PMID 18057218.

[pmid15280526-25] Joo KW, Jeon US, Kim GH, Park J, Oh YK, Kim YS, Ahn C, Kim S, Kim SY, Lee JS, Han JS (October 2004). "Antidiuretic action of oxytocin is associated with increased urinary excretion of aquaporin-2". Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19 (10): 2480–6. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfh413. PMID 15280526.

[26] Acher R, Chauvet J (July 1995). "The neurohypophysial endocrine regulatory cascade: precursors, mediators, receptors, and effectors". Front Neuroendocrinol 16 (3): 237–89. doi:10.1006/frne.1995.1009. PMID 7556852.

[Verbalis2007-27] Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Schrier RW, Sterns RH (November 2007). "Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007: expert panel recommendations". Am. J. Med. 120 (11 Suppl 1): S1–21. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.09.001. PMID 17981159.

[Baum_1970-28] Baum S, Nusbaum M, Tumen HJ (1970). "The control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by selective mesenteric infusion of pitressin". Gastroenterology 58: 926.

[Pearson-29] Pearson JW, Redding JS (Sep-Oct 1963). "The role of epinephrine in cardiac resuscitation". Anesth. Analg. 42 (5): 599–606. doi:10.1213/00000539-196309000-00022. PMID 14061643.

[pmid1329579-30] Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, Hetzel WD, Ahnefeld FW, Georgieff M (October 1992). "Stress hormone response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation". Anesthesiology 77 (4): 662–8. doi:10.1097/00000542-199210000-00008. PMID 1329579.

[pmid8673752-31] Lindner KH, Haak T, Keller A, Bothner U, Lurie KG (February 1996). "Release of endogenous vasopressors during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation". Heart 75 (2): 145–50. doi:10.1136/hrt.75.2.145. PMC 484250. PMID 8673752.

[Aung-32] Aung K, Htay T (January 2005). "Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Arch. Intern. Med. 165 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.1.17. PMID 15642869.

[Williamson-33] Williamson K, Breed M, Alibertis K, Brady WJ (February 2012). "The impact of the code drugs: cardioactive medications in cardiac arrest resuscitation". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 30 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2011.09.008. PMID 22107975.

[Lee-34] Lee SW (August 2011). "Drugs in resuscitation: an update". Singapore Med J 52 (8): 596–602. PMID 21879219.

[Callaway-35] Callaway CW, Hostler D, Doshi AA, Pinchalk M, Roth RN, Lubin J, Newman DH, Kelly LJ (November 2006). "Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest". Am. J. Cardiol. 98 (10): 1316–21. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.022. PMID 17134621.

[Stiell-36] Stiell IG, Hébert PC, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL, Tang AS, Higginson LA, Dreyer JF, Clement C, Battram E, Watpool I, Mason S, Klassen T, Weitzman BN (July 2001). "Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 358 (9276): 105–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05328-4. PMID 11463411.

[Wenzel_2004-37] Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH (January 2004). "A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (2): 105–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa025431. PMID 14711909.

[Ong-38] Ong ME, Tiah L, Leong BS, Tan EC, Ong VY, Tan EA, Poh BY, Pek PP, Chen Y (February 2012). "A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department". Resuscitation 83 (8): 953–60. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.02.005. PMID 22353644.

[39] Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E, Hubert H, Dubien PY, Mauriaucourt P, Bragança C, Billères X, Clotteau-Lambert MP, Fuster P, Thiercelin D, Debaty G, Ricard-Hibon A, Roux P, Espesson C, Querellou E, Ducros L, Ecollan P, Halbout L, Savary D, Guillaumée F, Maupoint R, Capelle P, Bracq C, Dreyfus P, Nouguier P, Gache A, Meurisse C, Boulanger B, Lae C, Metzger J, Raphael V, Beruben A, Wenzel V, Guinhouya C, Vilhelm C, Marret E (July 2008). "Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706873. PMID 18596271.

[Sillberg-40] Sillberg VA, Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Wells GA (December 2008). "Is the combination of vasopressin and epinephrine superior to repeated doses of epinephrine alone in the treatment of cardiac arrest-a systematic review". Resuscitation 79 (3): 380–6. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.07.020. PMID 18951676.

[AHA-41] Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Kudenchuk PJ, Ornato JP, McNally B, Silvers SM, Passman RS, White RD, Hess EP, Tang W, Davis D, Sinz E, Morrison LJ (November 2010). "Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation 122 (18 Suppl 3): S729–67. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988. PMID 20956224.

[pmid16843091-42] Palm C, Pistrosch F, Herbrig K, Gross P (July 2006). "Vasopressin antagonists as aquaretic agents for the treatment of hyponatremia". Am. J. Med. 119 (7 Suppl 1): S87–92. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.014. PMID 16843091.

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案内

arginine vasotocin