appositive

　

WordNet

1. in an appositive manner; "this adjective is used appositively" (同)in apposition

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (文法で)同格の / 同格語(句,節)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/26 07:21:32」(JST)

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This article is about the grammatical construction. For other uses, see Apposition (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with dislocations, an apposition-like structure whose elements are not placed side by side.

Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to identify the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be in apposition. One of the elements is called the appositive, although its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.

For example, in the two sentences below, the phrases Alice Smith and my sister are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:

• My sister, Alice Smith, likes jelly beans.
• Alice Smith, my sister, likes jelly beans.

Traditionally, appositions were called by their Latin name appositio, although the English form is now more commonly used. It is derived from Latin: ad ("near") and positio ("placement").

Apposition is a figure of speech of the scheme type, and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. This makes them often function as hyperbatons, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. For example, in the phrase: "My wife, a nurse by training, ...", it is necessary to pause before the parenthetical modification "a nurse by training".

Restrictive versus non-restrictive

A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition. It limits or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, and the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed. In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas. The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the appositive phrase_A or the phrase in apposition_P.

• My friend_P Alice Smith_A likes jelly beans. - I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.
• He likes the television show_P The Simpsons_A. - There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.

A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition. It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas. The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.

• Alice Smith_P, my friend_A, likes jelly beans. - The fact that Alice is my friend was not necessary to identify her.
• I visited Canada_P, a beautiful country_A. - The appositive is not needed to identify Canada.
• The first to arrive at the house_A, she_P unlocked the front door.

The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:

• My brother_P Nathan_A is here. - Restrictive: I have many brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.
• My brother_P, Nathan_A, is here. - Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.

If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive form. In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.

A relative clause is not always an appositive.

• My sister_P, Alice Smith_A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the noun phrase Alice Smith.
• My sister_P, a doctor whose name is Alice Smith_A, likes jelly beans. - The appositive is the clause a doctor whose name is Alice Smith.
• My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. - There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: whose name is Alice Smith.

Examples

In the following examples, the appositive phrases are shown in italics:

• I was born in Finland, the land of a thousand lakes. - Appositives are not limited to describing people.
• Barry Goldwater, the junior senator from Arizona, received the Republican nomination in 1964.
• John and Bob, both friends of mine, are starting a band.
• Alexander the Great, the Macedonian conqueror of Persia, was one of the most successful military commanders of the ancient world.
• Dean Martin, a very popular singer, will be performing at the Sands Hotel.
• You are better than anyone, anyone I've ever met.

A kind of appositive phrase is the false title, as in "Noted biologist Jane Smith has arrived.", where the phrase Noted biologist is used as an informal title. The use of false titles is controversial.

Appositive phrases can also serve as definitions:

• No one – not a single person – should ever suffer that way.
• You are simply the best, better than all the rest.

Appositive genitive

In several languages, the same syntax that is used to express such relations as possession can also be used appositively. Examples include:

• In English:
  • "Appositive oblique", a prepositional phrase with of as in: the month of December, the sin of pride, or the city of New York. This has also been invoked as an explanation for the double genitive: a friend of mine.
  • The ending -'s as in "In Dublin's Fair City". This is uncommon.
• In classical Greek:
  • "Genitive of explanation" as in ὑὸς μέγα χρῆμα (hyòs méga chrêma), "a monster (great affair) of a boar" (Histories of Herodotus, 1.36);
• In Japanese:
  • Postpositive no as in: ふじの山 (Fuji no Yama), "the Mountain of Fuji";
• In Biblical Hebrew:
  • Construct, "genitive of association" as in: גַּן עֵדֶן (Gan 'Ēden), "Garden of Eden".

See also

• Figure of speech
• Hyperbaton
• Literary device

Notes

References

• A comprehensive treatment of apposition in English is given in §§17.65–93 (pages 1300–1320) and elsewhere in: Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-51734-6. 
• On the apposition vs. double subject issue in Romanian, see: Appositions Versus Double Subject Sentences – What Information the Speech Analysis Brings to a Grammar Debate, by Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu and Diana Trandabăţ. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, ISSN 0302-9743, Volume 4629/2007, "Text, Speech and Dialogue", pp. 286–293.

External links

• Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, section 282
• Audio illustrations
• Appositives at chompchomp.com
• Apposition and double subject in Romanian – a controversial issue in * Sounds of the Romanian Language
• Graphical examples
• Appositions Versus Double Subject Sentences – What Information the Speech Analysis Brings to a Grammar Debate

English Journal

• Influences of social and style variables on adult usage of African American English features.

• Craig HK, Grogger JT.Author information University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. hkc@umich.eduAbstractPURPOSE: In this study, the authors examined the influences of selected social (gender, employment status, educational achievement level) and style variables (race of examiner, interview topic) on the production of African American English (AAE) by adults.
• Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.J Speech Lang Hear Res.2012 Oct;55(5):1274-88. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0055). Epub 2012 Feb 21.
• PURPOSE: In this study, the authors examined the influences of selected social (gender, employment status, educational achievement level) and style variables (race of examiner, interview topic) on the production of African American English (AAE) by adults.METHOD: Participants were 50 African America
• PMID 22361105

• Serum ghrelin levels in inflammatory bowel disease with relation to disease activity and nutritional status.

• Ates Y, Degertekin B, Erdil A, Yaman H, Dagalp K.Author information Department of Gastroenterology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.AbstractGhrelin possesses various biological activities -- it stimulates growth hormone (GH) release, plays a major role in energy metabolism, and is one of the hormones that affects body composition. It also plays a role in modulating immune response and inflammatory processes. In this study we aimed to determine whether serum ghrelin levels had correlation with markers associated with disease activation. We also investigated any probable relationship between serum ghrelin level and nutritional status. Serum levels of ghrelin and its relationship with disease activity and nutritional status were evaluated in 34 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 25 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and 30 healthy controls. Serum ghrelin levels, serum IGF-1 and GH levels, and markers of disease activity (sedimentation, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen) were measured in all subjects. Body composition and nutritional status was assessed by both direct (by anthropometry) and indirect (by bioimpedance) methods. Serum ghrelin levels were significantly higher in patients with active UC and CD than in those in remission (108 +/- 11 pg/ml vs. 71 +/- 13 pg/ml for UC patients, P < 0.001; 110 +/- 10 pg/ml vs. 75 +/- 15 pg/ml for CD patients, P < 0.001). Circulating ghrelin levels in UC and CD patients were positively correlated with sedimentation, fibrinogen and CRP and was negatively correlated with IGF-1, BMI, TSFT, MAC, fat mass (%), and fat free mass (%). This study demonstrates that patients with active IBD have higher serum ghrelin levels than patients in remission and high levels of circulating ghrelin correlate with the severity of disease and the activity markers. Ghrelin levels in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients show an appositive correlation with IGF-1 and bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, and anthropometric assessments. Finally, we arrived at the conclusion that ghrelin level may be important in determination of the activity in IBD patients and evaluation of nutritional status.
• Digestive diseases and sciences.Dig Dis Sci.2008 Aug;53(8):2215-21. Epub 2007 Dec 13.
• Ghrelin possesses various biological activities -- it stimulates growth hormone (GH) release, plays a major role in energy metabolism, and is one of the hormones that affects body composition. It also plays a role in modulating immune response and inflammatory processes. In this study we aimed to de
• PMID 18080768

• Teeth: malignant neoplasms in the dental pulp?

• Neuhaus KW.Author information Clinic for Periodontology, Endodontology, and Cariology, School of Dentistry, University of Basle, Hebelstrasse 3, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Klaus.Neuhaus@unibas.chAbstractCommon pathologies of the dental pulp differentiate between acute and chronic inflammatory states caused by caries or dental trauma. Inflammations of the dental pulp as a result of neoplastic alterations are generally considered non-existent. In fact, using the search phrase "dental pulp" combined with "sarcoma", "carcinoma", or "neoplasms" in PubMed when using the MeSH search mode yielded no reports on primary malignant neoplasms. However, a hand search yields clinical reports on pulpal tumours that were published over a century ago. In this Essay, the results of a hand search in historic published work are presented. Furthermore, deductive reflections are done on general tumour pathogenesis with respect to specific anatomical prerequisites of the dental pulp. Because of the restricted space in a tooth, tumour expansion will probably lead to the formation of irritation dentine by secondary odontoblasts and, subsequently, to a haemorrhage infarct of the pulp. One hypothesis states that a purported neoplasm of the dental pulp leads to a chronic appositive pulpitis and-sooner or later-will be treated likewise by root-canal treatment or extraction. Further research, including stem-cell studies, is recommended.
• The lancet oncology.Lancet Oncol.2007 Jan;8(1):75-8.
• Common pathologies of the dental pulp differentiate between acute and chronic inflammatory states caused by caries or dental trauma. Inflammations of the dental pulp as a result of neoplastic alterations are generally considered non-existent. In fact, using the search phrase "dental pulp" combined w
• PMID 17196513

Japanese Journal

• より良い学習英文法の構築に向けて : 同格節に着目して

• 北海道文教大学論集 = Journal of Hokkaido Bunkyo University (18), 103-108, 2017-03
• NAID 120006304357

• 同格名詞句の統語派生と第二言語習得

• 英文学研究　支部統合号 9(0), 175-182, 2017
• NAID 130005634086

• 同格節that におけるthat 省略について(原山煌教授,Philip Billingsley教授退任記念号)

• 人間文化研究 (4), 191-239, 2016-02-26
• NAID 110010009748

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