| Aponeurosis |
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Abdominal aponeurosis of the Visible Human Male, created in the VH Dissector
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| Details |
| Latin |
Aponeurosis (plural: Aponeuroses) |
| Identifiers |
| Gray's |
p.376 |
| Anatomical terminology |
Aponeuroses (plural of aponeurosis: απο, "away" or "of", and νευρον, "sinew", and pronounced ap·o·neu·ro·sis) are layers of flat broad tendons. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, are histologically similar to tendons, and are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. When dissected, aponeuroses are papery and peel off by sections. The primary regions with thick aponeurosis are in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, the ventriculus in birds, and the palmar and plantar regions.
Their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon, whether it be bone or muscle.[1][2]
Contents
- 1 Anatomy
- 1.1 Anterior abdominal aponeuroses
- 1.2 Posterior lumbar aponeuroses
- 1.3 Palmar and plantar aponeuroses and extensor hood
- 1.4 Anterior and posterior intercostal membranes
- 1.5 Scalp aponeuroses
- 1.6 Pennate muscles and aponeuroses
- 2 Function
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Anatomy
Anterior abdominal aponeuroses
The anterior abdominal aponeuroses are located just superficial to the rectus abdominis muscle. It has for its borders the external oblique, pectoralis muscles, and the latissimus dorsi.
Posterior lumbar aponeuroses
The posterior lumbar aponeuroses are situated just on top of the epaxial muscles of the thorax, which are multifidus spinae and Sacrospinalis.
Palmar and plantar aponeuroses and extensor hood
The palmar aponeuroses occur on the palms of the hands. The extensor hoods are aponeuroses at the back of the fingers.
The plantar aponeuroses occur on the plantar aspect of the foot. They extend from the calcaneal tuberosity then diverge to connect to the bones, ligaments and the dermis of the skin around the distal part of the metatarsal bones.
Anterior and posterior intercostal membranes
The anterior and posterior intercostal membranes are aponeuroses located between the ribs and are continuations of the external and internal intercostal muscles, respectively.
Scalp aponeuroses
The aponeurosis (or galea aponeurotica) is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which runs from the frontalis muscle anteriorly to the occipitalis posteriorly.
Pennate muscles and aponeuroses
Pennate muscles, in which the muscle fibers are oriented at an angle to the line of action, typically have two aponeuroses. Muscle fibers connect one to the other, and each aponeurosis thins into a tendon which attaches to bone at the origin or insertion site.
Function
Like tendons, aponeuroses attached to pennate muscles can be stretched by the forces of muscular contraction, absorbing energy like a spring and returning it when they recoil to unloaded conditions.[3]
See also
- Aponeurosis of the obliquus externus abdominis
- Aponeurosis of the serratus posterior superior muscle
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Inguinal aponeurotic falx
- Bicipital aponeurosis
- Palatine aponeurosis
- Fascia
References
- ^ "aponeurosis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ McCracken, Thomas (1999). New Atlas of Human Anatomy. China: Metro Books. pp. 78–79. ISBN 1-5866-3097-0.
- ^ Azizi, Emanuel; Roberts, Thomas J. (2009). "Biaxial strain and variable stiffness in aponeuroses". The Journal of Physiology 587 (17): 4309–18. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.173690. PMC 2754367. PMID 19596897.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
- Gray's s104 - Aponeuroses
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Connective tissue
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| Physiology |
- Soft tissue
- Fibrosis
- Scarring
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| Composition |
| Cells |
| Resident |
- Fibroblast
- Fibrocyte
- Reticular cell
- Tendon cell
- Adipocyte
- Melanocyte
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| Wandering cells |
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Extracellular
matrix |
| Ground substance |
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| Fibers |
- Collagen fibers
- Reticular fibers: COL3A1
- Elastic fibers: Elastin
- Fibrillin
- EMILIN1
- Elaunin
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| Classification |
| Proper |
| Loose |
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| Dense |
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Dense regular connective tissue
- Ligament
- Tendon
- Aponeurosis
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| Embryonic |
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| Specialized |
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Index of skin
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Infections
- Vesiculobullous
- Dermatitis and eczema
- Papulosquamous
- Urticaria and erythema
- Radiation-related
- Pigmentation
- Mucinoses
- Keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
- Vasculitis
- Fat
- Neutrophilic and eosinophilic
- Congenital
- Neoplasms and cancer
- nevi and melanomas
- epidermis
- dermis
- Symptoms and signs
- Terminology
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- antibiotics
- disinfectants
- emollients and protectives
- itch
- psoriasis
- other
- Wound and ulcer
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Index of muscle
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- head
- neck
- arms
- chest and back
- diaphragm
- abdomen
- genital area
- legs
- Muscle tissue
- Physiology
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| Disease |
- Myopathy
- Soft tissue
- Connective tissue
- Congenital
- abdomen
- muscular dystrophy
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Injury
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- anti-inflammatory
- muscle relaxants
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Muscular system
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| Tissue |
- Muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Fascia
- Superficial
- Deep
- Visceral
- Fascial compartment
- Tendon/Aponeurosis
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| Shape |
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| Other |
- Anatomical terms of muscle
- List of muscles of the human body
- Composite muscle
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Index of muscle
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- head
- neck
- arms
- chest and back
- diaphragm
- abdomen
- genital area
- legs
- Muscle tissue
- Physiology
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| Disease |
- Myopathy
- Soft tissue
- Connective tissue
- Congenital
- abdomen
- muscular dystrophy
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Injury
- Symptoms and signs
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- anti-inflammatory
- muscle relaxants
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