WordNet

a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view; "the presentation of new data"; "he gave the customer a demonstration" (同)presentment, demonstration
(obstetrics) position of the fetus in the uterus relative to the birth canal; "Cesarean sections are sometimes the result of abnormal presentations"
the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward); "she gave the trophy but he made the presentation"
formally making a person known to another or to the public (同)introduction, intro
the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it; "he prepared his presentation carefully in advance"
the act of presenting a proposal
any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(…の)贈呈,贈与《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉◇公式の)紹介,披露(ひろう);(劇・影画などの)上演 / (一般に)発表;提出,提示
抗原(生物の体内にはいって免疫体を作る物質)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/07 19:13:59」(JST)

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Antigen presentation describes a vital immune process. Immune cells cannot penetrate other cells, which may be infected with viruses or bacteria, and thus rely on information conveyed by fragments of intracellular components being presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the cell surface. Likewise, many pathogens are too large to be recognised directly by immune cells, and must first be digested into smaller fragments that can be presented by specialised antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages.

Intracellular antigens: Class I

Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells.

Because body cells often become infected, cytotoxic T cells regularly patrol these, and whenever they encounter signs of disease, they initiate processes to destroy the potentially harmful cell. Some cases will involve ingested microbes, or the cell being inundated with viral matter. To effect recognition, all nucleated cells in the body (along with platelets) display class I major histocompatibility complex or MHC molecules on their surface; these present peptides, or protein fragments, sourced from within the cell. If the cell is healthy, only “self” peptides derived from the cell itself will be displayed; if however it has been hijacked by microbes “non-self” or foreign peptides will appear alongside them. Cytotoxic T cells can then monitor these MHC molecules, and easily recognise dangerous cells. In the presentation process the host cell breaks its own cytoplasmic proteins down into small peptides with an enzymatic complex, the proteasome. The carrier protein TAP, the transporter associated with antigen processing, then transports the peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is coupled to an MHC molecule and transported to the cell surface.^{[citation needed]}

In the endoplasmic reticulum, the peptide is anchored to the peptide-binding groove on the floor of the α1-α2 heterodimer of the MHC class I molecule.

CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells are programmed to recognise peptides coupled to the MHC Class I molecules on all nucleated cells. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a population of T cells that are specialized for inducing the death of other cells. Recognition of antigenic peptides through Class I by CTLs leads to the killing of the target cell, which may be infected by virus, intracytoplasmic bacterium, or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. On the other hand, tolerated peptides from physiological protein turnover in healthy cells will be ignored. By inducing cytotoxicity in the diseased cells, cytotoxic T cells ensure the body remains healthy; the eliminated cells can be replaced by healthy cells.

Extracellular antigens: Class II

Dendritic cells (DCs) phagocytose exogenous pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and toxins in the tissues and then migrate, via chemotactic signals, to T cell-enriched lymph nodes. During migration, DCs undergo a process of maturation in which they lose phagocytic capacity and develop an increased ability to communicate with T-cells in the lymph nodes. This maturation process is dependent on signaling from other pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules through pattern recognition receptors, such as the members of the Toll-like receptor family.

The DC uses lysosome-associated enzymes to digest pathogen-associated proteins into smaller peptides. In the lymph node, the DC will display these antigenic peptides on its surface by coupling them to MHC Class II molecules. This MHC:antigen complex is then recognized by T cells passing through the lymph node. Exogenous antigens are usually displayed on MHC Class II molecules, which interact with CD4⁺ helper T cells. CD4⁺ lymphocytes, or TH, are immune response mediators, and play an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the adaptive immune response.

Expression of Class II is more restricted than Class I. High levels of Class II are found on dendritic cells, but can also be observed on activated macrophages, B cells, and several other host cell types in inflammatory conditions.

Intact antigens: Presentation to B cells

B-cell receptors bind to intact, undigested antigens, rather than to proteins which have been digested in lysosomes and presented by an MHC molecules. Small antigens sometimes encounter B cells after diffusing on their own to lymph nodes, but larger pieces of intact antigen appear to be presented to B cells by follicular dendritic cells and macrophages. It appears that the macrophages which present to B cells express comparatively low levels of lysosomal enzymes and thus are less likely to digest the antigen they have captured before presenting it.^[1]^[2]

References

^ Batista, Facundo D.; Harwood, Naomi E. (January 2009). "The who, how and where of antigen presentation to B cells". Nature Reviews Immunology. Macmillan Publishers Limited. 9: 15–27. doi:10.1038/nri2454. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
^ Harwood, Naomi E; Batista, Facundo D (Dec 17, 2010). "Antigen presentation to B cells". F1000 Biol Reports. Faculty of 1000 Ltd. 2: 87. doi:10.3410/B2-87. PMC 3026618.

External links

ImmPort - Gene summaries, ontologies, pathways, protein/protein interactions and more for genes involved in antigen processing and presentation
antigen presentation at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 抗原提示細胞 antigen presenting cells
2. 前立腺癌の臨床所見および診断 clinical presentation and diagnosis of prostate cancer
3. 主要組織適合性複合体（MHC）の構造および機能 major histocompatibility complex mhc structure and function
4. 食物アレルギーの病因 pathogenesis of food allergy
5. 免疫系におけるサイトカインの役割 role of cytokines in the immune system

English Journal

Effects of arsenic on porcine dendritic cells in vitro.

Mehrzad J1, Mahmudy Gharaie MH2, Taheri M2.
Journal of immunotoxicology.J Immunotoxicol.2017 Dec;14(1):1-8. doi: 10.1080/1547691X.2016.1249985. Epub 2017 Jan 17.
PMID 28094582

The Effect of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Surface Charge on Antigen Cross-Presentation.

Mou Y1,2, Xing Y2,3, Ren H2,4, Cui Z2, Zhang Y5, Yu G2,4, Urba WJ6, Hu Q7, Hu H8.
Nanoscale research letters.Nanoscale Res Lett.2017 Dec;12(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-1828-z. Epub 2017 Jan 19.
PMID 28102523

Sebaceous carcinoma of the breast: a case report.

Yamamoto Y1,2, Nakamura T3, Koyama H1,4, Kanai T1,2, Moritani S5,6, Ichihara S5.
Surgical case reports.Surg Case Rep.2017 Dec;3(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s40792-017-0312-4. Epub 2017 Feb 23.
PMID 28233285

Japanese Journal

再生不良性貧血の自己抗原提示に関与するHLAクラスIアレルの同定

金沢大学十全医学会雑誌 = Journal of the Juzen Medical Society 127(2), 43-46, 2018-07
NAID 120006534708

RS3PE syndrome developing during the course of probable toxic shock syndrome: a case report

BMC Infectious Diseases 18, 174, 2018-04-13
NAID 120006469053

Nonclinical safety evaluation of T-cell based immunotherapies

日本毒性学会学術年会 45.1(0), SL1, 2018
NAID 130007432449

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