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鎮痛剤

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/28 01:49:29」(JST)

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An anodyne is a drug used to lessen pain through reducing the sensitivity of the brain or nervous system.^[1] The term was common in medicine before the 20th century,^[2]^[1]^[3] but such drugs are now more often known as analgesics or painkillers.

Name

The name derives from Greek anōdynos (ἀνώδυνος), from a- (α-, "without") and odynē (ὀδύνη, "pain").^[1]

Use

Etymologically, the term covers any substance that reduces pain, but the term was used more restrictively by doctors.^[1] Some definitions restrict the term to topical medications, including herbal simples such as onion, lily, root of mallows, leaves of violet, and elderberry.^{[citation needed]} Other definitions include ingested narcotics, hypnotics, and opioids.^[4] In the 19th century, the primary anodynes were opium, henbane, hemlock, tobacco, nightshade ("stramonium"), and chloroform.^[1]

Certain compound medicines were also called by this name, such as anodyne balsam, made of castile soap, camphor, saffron, and spirit of wine, and digested in a sand heat. It was recommended not only for easing extreme pain, but for assisting in discharging the peccant matter that occurred with the pain.

In literary usage, the word has escaped its strictly medical meaning to convey anything "soothing or relaxing" (since the 18th century) or even anything "non-contentious", "blandly agreeable", or unlikely to cause offence or debate.^[5]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e EB (1878).
^ Cyclopaedia (1728).
^ EB (1911).
^ Quain (1883).
^ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anodyne#Adjective

References

Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728), "Anodyne", Cyclopædia, James & John Knapton .
Baynes, T.S., ed. (1878), "Anodyne", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 90
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Anodyne", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 79
Quain, Richard (1883), A Dictionary of Medicine: Including General Pathology, General Therapeutics

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1. 小児への外用局所麻酔剤の臨床使用clinical use of topical anesthetics in children [show details]
…tetracaine gel, and 60 minutes for lidocaine-prilocaine. The efficacy of all of these agents is roughly equivalent The longer application time for lidocaine-prilocaine may practically limit its usefulness …
2. 無駄毛の除毛removal of unwanted hair [show details]
…be painful. Topical anesthetic creams such as EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics; lidocaine-prilocaine) or LMX (lidocaine cream) may be helpful in reducing pain when electrolysis is performed in…
3. 新生児の包皮環状切除の手技techniques for neonatal circumcision [show details]
4. 新生児疼痛の予防および治療prevention and treatment of neonatal pain [show details]
…sucrose and skin-to-skin contact. Step 2 – Topical anesthetics (ie, topical lidocaine, lidocaine-prilocaine cream, amethocaine gel, tetracaine gel). Step 3 – Oral, intravenous (IV), or rectal administration …
5. ファスナーによる損傷のマネージメントmanagement of zipper injuries [show details]
…warranted in uncooperative patients. Topical anesthesia with liposomal lidocaine (eg, LMX) or lidocaine-prilocaine cream (eg, EMLA) has been shown to provide effective anesthesia for pediatric urologic procedures…

English Journal

Bioactive conformations of two seminal delta opioid receptor penta-peptides inferred from free-energy profiles.

Scarabelli G, Provasi D, Negri A, Filizola M.SourceDepartment of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
Biopolymers.Biopolymers.2014 Jan;101(1):21-7. doi: 10.1002/bip.22251.
Delta-opioid (DOP) receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) sub-family of opioid receptors, and are evolutionarily related, with homology exceeding 70%, to cognate mu-opioid (MOP), kappa-opioid (KOP), and nociceptin opioid (NOP) receptors. DOP receptors are considered attractiv
PMID 23564013

Continuous Interscalene Block in Patients Having Outpatient Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Salviz EA, Xu D, Frulla A, Kwofie K, Shastri U, Chen J, Shariat AN, Littwin S, Lin E, Choi J, Hobeika P, Hadzic A.SourceFrom the Departments of *Anesthesiology and †Orthopedics, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
Anesthesia and analgesia.Anesth Analg.2013 Dec;117(6):1485-1492.
BACKGROUND:: We performed this randomized trial to compare the recovery profile of patients receiving single injection (SISB) and continuous interscalene brachial plexus block (CISB) or general anesthesia (GA) for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery through the first postoperative week. Our pri
PMID 24257398

The Effectiveness of Pudendal Nerve Block Versus Caudal Block Anesthesia for Hypospadias in Children.

Naja ZM, Ziade FM, Kamel R, El-Kayali S, Daoud N, El-Rajab MA.SourceFrom the *Anesthesia and Pain Management Department, Makassed General Hospital; †Health and Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University; ‡Chief of Division of General Pediatrics, Pediatrics Department, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; and §Anesthesia Department, Mowasat University Hospital, Damascus, Syria; and ‖Pediatrics Department, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
Anesthesia and analgesia.Anesth Analg.2013 Dec;117(6):1401-1407.
BACKGROUND:: Caudal block (CB) has some disadvantages, one of which is its short duration of action after a single injection. For hypospadias repair, pudendal nerve block (PNB) might be a suitable alternative since it has been successfully used for analgesia for circumcision. We evaluated PNB compar
PMID 24257391

Japanese Journal

ベッド型マッサージ器^【○!R】(QZ-220)を用いた水平(外側)半規管型良性発作性頭位めまい症クプラ結石症の治療成績

松吉秀武
Equilibrium research 70(1), 10-16, 2011-02-01
… First, we performed head stimulation in a bed type massage device (QZ-220), used under the insurance system as anti-inflammation anodyne treatment in an orthopedics setting. …
NAID 10029512113

横行結腸間膜裂孔ヘルニアの1例

福本将人,加藤秀明,新谷佳子,俵矢香苗,川口雅彦,渡邊透
日本臨床外科学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japan Surgical Association 70(9), 2876-2880, 2009-09-25
症例は58歳，男性．2008年7月14日，早朝より左側腹部痛を自覚し，当院救急外来を受診した．鎮痛剤を処方され症状の改善を認めた．7月22日昼頃より同様の左側腹部痛を自覚し，次第に嘔吐を伴うようになったため当院を受診した．腹部CT検査で小腸の網嚢内への嵌入と小腸壁の造影効果の低下を認めた．以上より内ヘルニアとそれによる腸管虚血と診断した．同日，緊急開腹手術を施行した．横行結腸間膜に約3cmの欠損を …
NAID 10025391762

フェンタニル注射剤との鎮痛用量比較によるフェンタニルパッチ剤の経皮吸収状況の検討

堀越建一,大谷俊裕,松井礼子 [他]
日本緩和医療薬学雑誌 1(2), 63-66, 2008-09
NAID 40016426114

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