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of flowering plants (especially grasses etc) that are pollinated by the wind

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/13 15:38:07」(JST)

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Wind-pollination (anemophily) syndrome

The flowers of wind-pollinated flowering plants, such as this saw-tooth oak (Quercus acutissima), are less showy than insect-pollinated flowers.

Anemophilous plants, such as this pine (Pinus) produce large quantities of pollen, which is carried on the wind.

Anemophily or wind pollination is a form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by wind.^[1] Almost all gymnosperms are anemophilous, as are many plants in the order Poales, including grasses, sedges and rushes.^[1] Other common anemophilous plants are oaks, sweet chestnuts, alders and members of the family Juglandaceae (hickory or walnut family).

Syndrome

Features of the wind-pollination syndrome include a lack of scent production, a lack of showy floral parts (resulting in inconspicuous flowers), reduced production of nectar, and the production of enormous numbers of pollen grains.^[2] This distinguishes them from entomophilous and zoophilous species (whose pollen is spread by insects and vertebrates respectively).

Anemophilous pollen grains are light and non-sticky, so that they can be transported by air currents. They are typically 20–60 micrometres (0.0008–0.0024 in) in diameter, although the pollen grains of Pinus species can be much larger and much less dense.^[1] Anemophilous plants possess well-exposed stamens so that the pollens are exposed to wind currents and also have large and feathery stigma to easily trap airborne pollen grains. Pollen from anemophilous plants tends to be smaller and lighter than pollen from entomophilous (insect-pollinated) ones, with very low nutritional value to insects. However, insects sometimes gather pollen from staminate anemophilous flowers at times when higher-protein pollens from entomophilous flowers are scarce. Anemophilous pollens may also be inadvertently captured by bees' electrostatic field. This may explain why, though bees are not observed to visit ragweed flowers, its pollen is often found in honey made during the ragweed floral bloom. Other flowers that are generally anemophilous are observed to be actively worked by bees, with solitary bees often visiting grass flowers, and the larger honeybees and bumblebees frequently gathering pollen from corn tassels and other grains.

Anemophily is an adaptation that helps to separate the male and female reproductive systems of a single plant, reducing the effects of inbreeding.^[3] It often accompanies dioecy – the presence of male and female reproductive structures on separate plants.

Allergies

Almost all pollens that are allergens are from anemophilous species.^[4] Grasses (Poaceae) are the most important producers of aeroallergens in most temperate regions, with lowland or meadow species producing more pollen than upland or moorland species.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c A. K. Shukla, M. R. Vijayaraghavan & Bharti Chaudhry (1998). "Abiotic pollination". Biology Of Pollen. APH Publishing. pp. 67–69. ISBN 9788170249245.
^ Dave Moore (2001). "Insects of palm flowers and fruits". In F. W. Howard, D. Moore, R. M. Giblin-Davis & R. G. Abad. Insects on Palms. CAB International. pp. 233–266. ISBN 9780851997056.
^ J. D. Ackerman (2000). "Abiotic pollen and pollination: ecological, functional, and evolutionary perspectives". Plant Systematics and Evolution 222 (1–4): 167–185. doi:10.1007/BF00984101.
^ ^a ^b Jean Emberlin (2009). "Grass, tree, and weed pollen". In A. Barry Kay, Allen P. Kaplan, Jean Bousquet & Patrick G. Holt. The Scientific Basis of Allergy. Allergy and Allergic Diseases 1 (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 942–962. ISBN 9781444300925.

External links

Media related to Wind pollination at Wikimedia Commons

English Journal

Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the claws of domestic cats (indoor and outdoor) and in captivity in São Paulo (Brazil).

Borges TS, Rossi CN, Fedullo JD, Taborda CP, Larsson CE.SourceDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Butantã, São Paulo (SP), 05508-270, Brazil. tatisaleme@gmail.com
Mycopathologia.Mycopathologia.2013 Aug;176(1-2):129-37. doi: 10.1007/s11046-013-9658-8. Epub 2013 Jun 2.
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis and is also a zoonosis (sapro- and anthropozoonosis). The objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence of sporotrichosis in domestic cats and in wild or exotic felines in captivity through the isolation of Sporothrix spp. from claw impressio
PMID 23729233

Apis mellifera pollination improves agronomic productivity of anemophilous castor bean (Ricinus communis).

Rizzardo RA, Milfont MO, Silva EM, Freitas BM.SourceDepartamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências.An Acad Bras Cienc.2012 Dec;84(4):1137-45. Epub 2012 Sep 18.
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is cultivated mainly for biodiesel production because of its oil-rich seeds; it is assumed to be an anemophylous species. But pollination deficit can lead to low productivity often attributed to other reasons. In this paper, we investigated pollination requirements,
PMID 22990600

[Climate change and pollination].

Besancenot JP, Thibaudon M.SourceRéseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique, Brussieu, France. jean-pierre.besancenot@wanadoo.fr
Revue des maladies respiratoires.Rev Mal Respir.2012 Dec;29(10):1238-53. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.07.007. Epub 2012 Nov 13.
INTRODUCTION: There is growing evidence to support an increase in air temperature over recent decades, with significant effects on aeroallergens such as pollen. It is generally accepted that the trend will continue, and become even more pronounced in the future.BACKGROUND: Global climate change is a
PMID 23228681