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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) |
| Hair rut |
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| Hair follicle |
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| A photograph of hairs on a human arm emerging from follicles. |
| Latin |
folliculus pili |
| Code |
TH H3.12.00.3.01034 |
A hair follicle is a skin organ that produces hair. Hair production occurs in phases, including a growth phase (anagen), and cessation phase (catagen), and a rest phase (telogen). Stem cells are principally responsible for the production of hair.
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Contents
- 1 Structure
- 1.1 Papilla
- 1.2 Matrix
- 1.3 Root sheath
- 1.4 Hair fiber
- 1.5 Bulge
- 1.6 Other structures
- 2 Morphogenesis
- 3 Hair-follicle cycling
- 3.1 Anagen phase
- 3.2 Catagen phase
- 3.3 Telogen phase
- 3.4 Hair growth cycle times
- 4 Hair follicles in hair restoration
- 5 Additional images
- 6 Skin overview
- 7 References
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Structure
Diagram of a hair follicle, from Gray's Anatomy.
Papilla
The papilla is a large structure at the base of the hair follicle.[1] The papilla is made up mainly of connective tissue and a capillary loop. Cell division in the papilla is either rare or non-existent.
Matrix
Around the papilla is the hair matrix, a collection of epithelial cells often interspersed with the pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. Cell division in the hair matrix produces the cells forming the major structures of the hair fiber and the inner root sheath. The hair matrix epithelium is one of the fastest growing cell populations in the human body, which is why some forms of chemotherapy that kill dividing cells or radiotherapy may lead to temporary hair loss. The papilla is usually ovoid or pear shaped. The matrix wraps completely around it, except for a short stalk-like connection to the surrounding connective tissue. This provides access for the capillary.
Root sheath
The root sheath is composed of an external and internal root sheath. The external root sheath appears empty with cuboid cells when stained with H&E stain. The internal root sheath is composed of three layers, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and an internal cuticle that is continuous with the outermost layer of the hair fiber.
Hair fiber
The hair fiber is composed of keratin.
Bulge
The bulge is located in the outer root sheath at the insertion point of the arrector pili muscle. It houses several types of stem cells, which supply the entire hair follicle with new cells, and take part in healing the epidermis after a wound.[2][3]
Other structures
Other structures associated with the hair follicle include arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, and apocrine sweat glands. Hair follicle receptors sense the position of the hairs.
Attached to the follicle is a tiny bundle of muscle fiber called the arrector pili. This muscle is responsible for causing the follicle lissis to become more perpendicular to the surface of the skin, and causing the follicle to protrude slightly above the surrounding skin (piloerection) and a pore encased with skin oil. This process results in goose bumps (or goose flesh).
Also attached to the follicle is a sebaceous gland, which produces the oily or waxy substance sebum. The thicker the density of the hair, the more sebaceous glands that are found.
Morphogenesis
In utero, the epithelium and underlying mesenchyma interact to form hair follicles.[4]
Hair-follicle cycling
Hair grows in cycles of various phases:[5] anagen is the growth phase; catagen is the involuting or regressing phase; and telogen, the resting or quiescent phase. Each phase has several morphologically and histologically distinguishable sub-phases. Prior to the start of cycling is a phase of follicular morphogenesis (formation of the follicle). There is also a shedding phase, or exogen, that is independent of anagen and telogen in which one of several hairs that might arise from a single follicle exits. Normally up to 90% of the hair follicles are in anagen phase while, 10–14% are in telogen and 1–2% in catagen. The cycle's length varies on different parts of the body. For eyebrows, the cycle is completed in around 4 months, while it takes the scalp 3–4 years to finish; this is the reason eyebrow hairs have a much shorter length limit compared to hairs on the head. Growth cycles are controlled by a chemical signal like epidermal growth factor.
Anagen phase
Anagen is the active growth phase of hair follicles.[6] The root of the hair are dividing rapidly, adding to the hair shaft. During this phase the hair grows about 1 cm every 28 days. Scalp hair stays in this active phase of growth for 2–7 years. The amount of time the hair follicle stays in the anagen phase is genetically determined. At the end of the anagen phase an unknown signal causes the follicle to go into the catagen phase.
Catagen phase
The catagen phase is a short transition stage that occurs at the end of the anagen phase.[7] It signals the end of the active growth of a hair. This phase lasts for about 2–3 weeks while the hair converts to a club hair.
Telogen phase
The telogen phase is the resting phase of the hair follicle.[8] When the body is subjected to extreme stress, as much as 70 percent of your hair can prematurely enter a phase of rest, called the telogen phase. This hair begins to fall, causing a noticeable loss of hair. This condition is called telogen effluvium.[9] The club hair is the final product of a hair follicle in the telogen stage, and is a dead, fully keratinized hair.[4] Fifty to one-hundred club hairs are shed daily from a normal scalp.[4]
Hair growth cycle times
- Scalp: The time these phases last varies from person to person. Different hair colour and follicle shape affects the timings of these phases.
- anagen phase, 2–3 years (occasionally much longer)
- catagen phase, 2–3 weeks
- telogen phase, around 3 months
- Eyebrows etc.:
- anagen phase, 4–7 months
- catagen phase, 3–4 weeks
- telogen phase, about 9 months
Hair follicles in hair restoration
Hair follicles form the basis of the two primary methods of hair transplantation in hair restoration, Follicular Unit Transplantation (FUT) and Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE). In each of these methods, naturally-occurring groupings of one to four hairs, called follicular units, are extracted from the hair restoration patient and then surgically implanted in the balding area of the patient's scalp, known as the recipient area. These follicles are extracted from donor areas of the scalp, or other parts of the body, which are typically resistant to the miniaturization effects of the hormone DHT. It is this miniaturization of the hair shaft that is the primary predictive indicator of androgenetic alopecia[10], commonly referred to as male pattern baldness or male hair loss. When these DHT-resistant follicles are transplanted to the recipient area, they continue to grow hairs in the normal hair cycle, thus providing the hair restoration patient with permanent, naturally-growing hair.
While hair transplantation dates back to the 1950s[11], and plucked human hair follicle cell culture in vitro to the early 1980s [12], it was not until 1995 when hair transplantation using individual follicular units was introduced into medical literature.[13]
Research is under way to multiply hair follicles that are resistant to miniaturization. In hair multiplication, plucked hairs or hair fragments, which contain germinative cells, are implanted into the scalp with the hopes that they develop into new hair-producing follicles. In experimental hair cloning, dermal sheath cells could be isolated, multiplied in a Petri dish, and then injected in great numbers to produce hair-producing follicles and, in theory, a full head of hair. Neither method has yet proven to result in a commercially viable hair restoration treatment, but research continues in these areas.
Additional images
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Cross-section of all skin layers.
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Pili multigemini is a malformation characterized by the presence of bifurcated or multiple divided hair matrices and papillae, giving rise to the formation of multiple hair shafts within the individual follicles.
Skin overview
Skin layers, of both hairy and hairless skin
References
- ^ Pawlina, Wojciech; Ross, Michael W.; Kaye, Gordon I. (2003). Histology: a text and atlas: with cell and molecular biology. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-30242-6.
- ^ Ma DR, Yang EN, Lee ST (2004). "A review: the location, molecular characterisation and multipotency of hair follicle epidermal stem cells". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 33 (6): 784–8. PMID 15608839.
- ^ Cotsarelis G (2006). "Epithelial stem cells: a folliculocentric view". J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (7): 1459–68. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700376. PMID 16778814.
- ^ a b c Paus, Ralf; Cotsarelis, George. "The Biology of Hair Follicles." The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999; 341(7): 491-497. PMID 10441606.
- ^ K. S. Stenn and R. Paus (January 1, 2001). "Controls of Hair Follicle Cycling". Physiological Reviews 81 (1): 449–494. PMID 11152763. http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/81/1/449. (comprehensive topic review, successor to landmark review of 1954 by HB Chase)
- ^ Brannon, Maryland, Heather. "Anagen Phase". The New York Times. http://dermatology.about.com/od/hairanatomy/l/bldefanagen.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
- ^ Brannon, Maryland, Heather. "Categen Phase". The New York Times. http://dermatology.about.com/library/bldefcatagen.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
- ^ Brannon, Maryland, Heather. "Telogen Phase". The New York Times. http://dermatology.about.com/od/glossaryt/g/telogen1.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
- ^ "Stress and hair loss subject to telogen". Healthy Hair Highlights News. 12 April 2011. http://www.healthyhairhighlights.com/stress-and-hair-loss.html. Retrieved 2011-13-09.
- ^ Bernstein RM, Rassman WR: Follicular Transplantation: Patient Evaluation and Surgical Planning. Dermatol Surg 1997; 23: 771-84.
- ^ Orentreich N: Autografts in alopecias and other selected dermatological conditions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 83:463-479, 1959.
- ^ Wells, J. and Sieber V.K. (1985) Morphological Characteristics of Cells Derived from Plucked Human Hair in vitro, British Journal of Dermatology, 113, 669-675
- ^ Bernstein RM, Rassman WR, Szaniawski W, Halperin A: Follicular Transplantation. Intl J Aesthetic Restorative Surgery 1995; 3: 119-32.
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Integumentary system (TA A16, TH H3.12, GA 10.1062)
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| Skin |
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Epidermis
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Stratum corneum · Stratum lucidum · Stratum granulosum · Stratum spinosum · Stratum basale
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Basement membrane zone
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Basal keratinocyte · Lamina lucida · Lamina densa
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Dermis
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Papillary (Dermal papillae) · Reticular
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| Subcutaneous tissue |
Panniculus/Pannus (Panniculus adiposus · Panniculus carnosus) · Stratum membranosum · Loose connective tissue · Superficial fascia
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| Adnexa |
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Skin glands
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Sweat glands: Apocrine sweat gland · Eccrine sweat gland
Sebaceous
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Hair
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Root sheath
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Outer root sheath · Inner root sheath (Henle's layer, Huxley's layer)
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Hair shaft
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Cuticle · Cortex · Medulla · Bulb with matrix cells · Hair follicle
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Muscle
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Arrector pili muscle
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Pilosebaceous unit
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Hair sebaceous gland
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Nail
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Nail matrix · Nail plate (Lunula) · Eponychium · Paronychium · Hyponychium
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noco(i/b/d/q/u/r/p/m/k/v/f)/cong/tumr(n/e/d), sysi/epon
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proc, drug (D2/3/4/5/8/11)
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noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon
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