アメーバ性の

関: amebic

WordNet

pertaining to or resembling amoebae; "amoebic dysentery" (同)amebic, amoeban, ameban, amoebous, amebous

PrepTutorEJDIC

=amebic
アメーバ[性]の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/17 17:54:29」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Amoeba is a genus of single-celled amoeboid protists in the family Amoebidae.^[1] The type species of the genus is Amoeba proteus, a common freshwater organism, widely studied in classrooms and laboratories.^[2]

History and Classification

The first illustration of an amoeboid, from Roesel von Rosenhof's Insecten-Belustigung (1757)

The earliest record of an organism resembling Amoeba was produced in 1757 by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof, who named his discovery "Der Kleine Proteus" ("the Little Proteus"), after Proteus, the shape-shifting sea-god of Greek Mythology. While Rösel's illustrations show a creature similar in appearance to the one now known as Amoeba proteus, his "little Proteus'' cannot be identified confidently with any modern species.^[3]

The term "Proteus animalcule" remained in use throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, as an informal name for any large, free-living amoeboid.^[4]

In 1758, apparently without seeing Rösel's "Proteus" for himself, Carl Linnaeus included the organism in his own system of classification, under the name Volvox chaos. However, because the name Volvox had already been applied to a genus of flagellate algae, he later changed the name to Chaos chaos. In 1786, the Danish Naturalist Otto Müller described and illustrated a species he called Proteus diffluens, which was probably the organism known today as Amoeba proteus.^[5]

The genus Amiba, from the Greek amoibè (ἀμοιβή), meaning "change", was erected in 1822 by Bory de Saint-Vincent.^[6]^[7] In, 1830. the German naturalist C. G. Ehrenberg adopted this genus in his own classification of microscopic creatures, but changed the spelling to "Amoeba."^[8]

Anatomy, Feeding and Reproduction

Species of Amoeba move and feed by extending temporary structures called pseudopodia. These are formed by the coordinated action of microfilaments within the cellular cytoplasm pushing out the plasma membrane which surrounds the cell.^[9] In Amoeba, the pseudopodia are approximately tubular, and rounded at the ends (lobose). The cell's overall shape may change rapidly as pseudopodia are extended and retracted into the cell body. An Amoeba may produce many pseudopodia at once, especially when freely floating. When crawling rapidly along a surface, the cell may take a roughly monopodial form, with a single dominant pseudopod deployed in the direction of movement.^[10]

Anatomy of an Amoeba.

Historically, researchers have divided the cytoplasm into two parts, consisting of a granular inner endoplasm and an outer layer of clear ectoplasm, both enclosed within a flexible plasma membrane.^[11] The cell usually has a single granular nucleus, containing most of the organism's DNA . A contractile vacuole is used to maintain osmotic equilibrium by excreting excess water from the cell (see Osmoregulation).

An Amoeba obtains its food by phagocytosis, engulfing smaller organisms and particles of organic matter, or by pinocytosis, taking in dissolved nutrients through vesicles formed within the cell membrane.^[12] Food enveloped by the Amoeba is stored in digestive organelles called food vacuoles.

Amoeba, like other unicellular eukaryotic organisms, reproduces asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis. Sexual phenomena have not been observed in Amoeba, although sexual exchange of genetic material is known to occur in other Amoebozoan groups.^[13] In cases where organisms are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the nucleus will often survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion dies.^[14]

Osmoregulation

Like many other protists, species of Amoeba control osmotic pressures with the help of a membrane-bound organelle called the contractile vacuole. Amoeba proteus has one contractile vacuole which slowly fills with water from the cytoplasm (diastole), then, while fusing with the cell membrane, quickly contracts (systole), releasing water to the outside by exocytosis. This process regulates the amount of water present in the cytoplasm of the amoeba.

Immediately after the contractile vacuole (CV) expels water, its membrane crumples. Soon afterwards, many small vacuoles or vesicles appear surrounding the membrane of the CV.^[15] It is suggested that these vesicles split from the CV membrane itself. The small vesicles gradually increase in size as they take in water and then they fuse with the CV, which grows in size as it fills with water. Therefore, the function of these numerous small vesicles is to collect excess cytoplasmic water and channel it to the central CV. The CV swells for a number of minutes and then contracts to expel the water outside. The cycle is then repeated again.

The membranes of the small vesicles as well as the membrane of the CV have aquaporin proteins embedded in them.^[15] These transmembrane proteins facilitate water passage through the membranes. The presence of aquaporin proteins in both CV and the small vesicles suggests that water collection occurs both through the CV membrane itself as well as through the function of the vesicles. However, the vesicles, being more numerous and smaller, would allow a faster water uptake due to the larger total surface area provided by the vesicles.^[15]

The small vesicles also have another protein embedded in their membrane: vacuolar-type H⁺-ATPase or V-ATPase.^[15] This ATPase pumps H⁺ ions into the vesicle lumen, lowering its pH with respect to the cytosol. However, the pH of the CV in some amoebas is only mildly acidic, suggesting that the H⁺ ions are being removed from the CV or from the vesicles. It is thought that the electrochemical gradient generated by V-ATPase might be used for the transport of ions (it is presumed K⁺ and Cl^-) into the vesicles. This builds an osmotic gradient across the vesicle membrane, leading to influx of water from the cytosol into the vesicles by osmosis,^[15] which is facilitated by aquaporins.

Since these vesicles fuse with the central contractile vacuole, which expels the water, ions end up being removed from the cell, which is not beneficial for a freshwater organism. The removal of ions with the water has to be compensated by some yet-unidentified mechanism.

Like other eukaryotes, Amoeba species are adversely affected by excessive osmotic pressure caused by extremely saline or dilute water. In saline water, an Amoeba will prevent the influx of salt, resulting in a net loss of water as the cell becomes isotonic with the environment, causing the cell to shrink. Placed into fresh water, Amoeba will match the concentration of the surrounding water, causing the cell to swell. If the surrounding water is too dilute, the cell may burst.^[16]

Amoebic cysts

In environments that are potentially lethal to the cell, an Amoeba may become dormant by forming itself into a ball and secreting a protective membrane to become a microbial cyst. The cell remains in this state until it encounters more favourable conditions.^[14] While in cyst form the amoeba will not replicate and may die if unable to emerge for a lengthy period of time.

Video gallery

Play media

Amoeba proteus in motion

Play media

Amoeba engulfing a diatom

References

^ Xu, Kaigin (2007-). "National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan". The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2014.
^ Friz, Carl T. (1992). "Taxonomic Analyses of Seven Species of Family Amoebidae by Isozymic Characterization of Electrophoretic Patterns and the Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species: Metamoeba n. gen. Amoeba amazonas n. sp.". Archiv für Protistenkunde. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80098-9. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2014.
^ Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. pp. 2–3.
^ McAlpine, Daniel (1881). Biological atlas: a guide to the practical study of plants and animals. Edinburgh and London: W. & A. K. Johnston. p. 17.
^ Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. p. 5.
^ Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. G. M. "Essai d'une classification des animaux microscopiques." Agasse, Paris (1826).p. 28
^ McGrath, Kimberley; Blachford, Stacey, eds. (2001). Gale Encyclopedia of Science Vol. 1: Aardvark-Catalyst (2nd ed.). Gale Group. ISBN 0-7876-4370-X. OCLC 46337140.
^ Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried. Organisation, systematik und geographisches verhältniss der infusionsthierchen: Zwei vorträge, in der Akademie der wissenschaften zu Berlin gehalten in den jahren 1828 und 1830. Druckerei der Königlichen akademie der wissenschaften, 1832. p. 59
^ Alberts et al. Eds. (2007). Molecular Biology of the Cell 5th Edition. New York: Garland Science. p. 1037. ISBN 9780815341055.
^ Siemensma, Ferry. "Amoeba". Microworld: World of Amoeboid Organisms. Ferry Siemensma. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2014.
^ Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. p. 102.
^ Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. p. 100.
^ Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E (July 2011). "The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms". Proc. Biol. Sci. 278 (1715): 2083–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0289. PMC 3107637. PMID 21429931.
^ ^a ^b "Amoeba". Scienceclarified.com.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nishihara E, Yokota E, Tazaki A, et al. (March 2008). "Presence of aquaporin and V-ATPase on the contractile vacuole of Amoeba proteus". Biol. Cell 100 (3): 179–88. doi:10.1042/BC20070091. PMID 18004980.
^ Patterson, D.J. (1981). "Contractile vacuole complex behaviour as a diagnostic character for free living amoebae". Protistologica 17: 243–248.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 赤痢アメーバによる腸菅アメーバ症 intestinal entamoeba histolytica amebiasis
2. 赤痢アメーバによる腸菅外アメーバ症 extraintestinal entamoeba histolytica amebiasis
3. 自由生活アメーバ free living amebas
4. 先進国における急性下痢の疫学および原因 epidemiology and causes of acute diarrhea in developed countries
5. 発展途上国での急性下痢の小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with acute diarrhea in developing countries

English Journal

Amoebicidal activity of α-bisabolol, the main sesquiterpene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil against the trophozoite stage of Acanthamoeba castellani Neff.

Hajaji S1, Sifaoui I2, López-Arencibia A2, Reyes-Batlle M2, Valladares B2, Pinero JE2, Lorenzo-Morales J2, Akkari H1.
Acta parasitologica.Acta Parasitol.2017 Jun 1;62(2):290-295. doi: 10.1515/ap-2017-0036.
PMID 28426414

Isolation and molecular characterization of a Naegleria strain from a recreational water fountain in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Reyes-Batlle M1, Wagner C1, López-Arencibia A1, Sifaoui I1, Martínez-Carretero E1, Valladares B1, Piñero JE1, Lorenzo-Morales J1.
Acta parasitologica.Acta Parasitol.2017 Jun 1;62(2):265-268. doi: 10.1515/ap-2017-0033.
PMID 28426408

Interaction Between Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga.

de Souza TK1, Soares SS1, Benitez LB2, Rott MB3.
Current microbiology.Curr Microbiol.2017 May;74(5):541-549. doi: 10.1007/s00284-017-1196-z. Epub 2017 Mar 3.
PMID 28258293

Japanese Journal

Novel hemagglutinating, hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of the intermediate subunit of Entamoeba histolytica lectin

Scientific Reports 5, 13901, 2015-09-10
NAID 120005656398

当院過去16年間におけるアメーバ性肝膿瘍症例の検討

日本外科感染症学会雑誌 12(2), 61-65, 2015-04
NAID 40020478141

劇症型アメーバ症の診断および治療

日本集中治療医学会雑誌 22(3), 184-185, 2015
NAID 130005067812

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「amebic」
拡張検索	「amoebic colitis」

「amebic」

Amoeba
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota; Cavalier-Smith 1998
Kingdom:	Protozoa; Cavalier-Smith 2002a, 2003a
Phylum:	Amoebozoa; Lühe 1913 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998
Subphylum:	Lobosa
Class:	Tubulinea
Subclass:	Sarcodina
Order:	Tubulinida
Family:	Amoebidae
Genus:	Amoeba; Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822
Species
	Amoeba gorgonia Pen.; Amoeba limicola Rhumb.; Amoeba proteus Pal.; Amoeba vespertilio Pen.;

　　[★]

アメーバ性の

関: amoebic

「amoebic colitis」

　　[★]

アメーバ性大腸炎

関: amebic colitis、amebic dysentery、intestinal amebiasis

[1] Xu, Kaigin (2007-). "National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan". The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2014.

[2] Friz, Carl T. (1992). "Taxonomic Analyses of Seven Species of Family Amoebidae by Isozymic Characterization of Electrophoretic Patterns and the Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species: Metamoeba n. gen. Amoeba amazonas n. sp.". Archiv für Protistenkunde. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80098-9. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2014.

[3] Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. pp. 2–3.

[4] McAlpine, Daniel (1881). Biological atlas: a guide to the practical study of plants and animals. Edinburgh and London: W. & A. K. Johnston. p. 17.

[5] Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. p. 5.

[6] Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. G. M. "Essai d'une classification des animaux microscopiques." Agasse, Paris (1826).p. 28

[EOS1-7] McGrath, Kimberley; Blachford, Stacey, eds. (2001). Gale Encyclopedia of Science Vol. 1: Aardvark-Catalyst (2nd ed.). Gale Group. ISBN 0-7876-4370-X. OCLC 46337140.

[8] Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried. Organisation, systematik und geographisches verhältniss der infusionsthierchen: Zwei vorträge, in der Akademie der wissenschaften zu Berlin gehalten in den jahren 1828 und 1830. Druckerei der Königlichen akademie der wissenschaften, 1832. p. 59

[9] Alberts et al. Eds. (2007). Molecular Biology of the Cell 5th Edition. New York: Garland Science. p. 1037. ISBN 9780815341055.

[10] Siemensma, Ferry. "Amoeba". Microworld: World of Amoeboid Organisms. Ferry Siemensma. Retrieved Sept. 11, 2014.

[11] Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. p. 102.

[12] Jeon, Kwang W. (1973). Biology of Amoeba. New York: Academic Press. p. 100.

[13] Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E (July 2011). "The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms". Proc. Biol. Sci. 278 (1715): 2083–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0289. PMC 3107637. PMID 21429931.

[SC-14] "Amoeba". Scienceclarified.com.

[Nishihara.2C_E._2008-15] Nishihara E, Yokota E, Tazaki A, et al. (March 2008). "Presence of aquaporin and V-ATPase on the contractile vacuole of Amoeba proteus". Biol. Cell 100 (3): 179–88. doi:10.1042/BC20070091. PMID 18004980.

[Patterson1981-16] Patterson, D.J. (1981). "Contractile vacuole complex behaviour as a diagnostic character for free living amoebae". Protistologica 17: 243–248.

匿名

検索

案内

案内

amoebic