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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/07/24 21:40:24」(JST)
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Solvolysis is a special type of nucleophilic substitution (SN1) or elimination where the nucleophile is a solvent molecule. For certain nucleophiles, there are specific terms for the type of solvolysis reaction. For water, the term is hydrolysis; for alcohols, it is alcoholysis; for ammonia, it is ammonolysis; for glycols, it is glycolysis; for amines, it is aminolysis.
Contents
- 1 Hydrolysis
- 2 Alcoholysis
- 3 In Recycling
- 4 See also
- 5 References
Hydrolysis
Main article: hydrolysis
While solvolysis often refers to an organic chemistry context, hydrolysis is very common in inorganic chemistry, where aqua complexes of metal ions react with solvent molecules due to the Lewis acidity of the metal center. For example, aqueous solutions of aluminium chloride are acidic due to the aqua-aluminium complex losing protons to water molecules, giving hydronium ions which lowers the pH.
In organic chemistry, hydrolysis reactions often give two fragments from an initial substrate. For example, the hydrolysis of amides give carboxylic acids and amines; the hydrolysis of esters give alcohols and carboxylic acids.
Alcoholysis
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An example of a solvolysis reaction is the reaction of a triglyceride with a simple alcohol such as methanol or ethanol to give the methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acid, as well as glycerol. This reaction is more commonly known as a transesterification reaction due to the exchange of the alcohol fragments.
Solvolysis of a chiral reactant results in the racemate (as expected in SN1) but is often accompanied by Walden inversion. This is explained by postulating an intimate ion pair whereby the leaving anion is still in proximity to the carbocation and effectively shielding it from an attack by the nucleophile.
In Recycling
Researchers are experimenting with ways to use solvolysis in recycling. As an example, solvolysis is used to recover carbon fibers from end-of-life carbon fiber parts.[1]
See also
References
- ^ Why Recycling Beats Disposal "A Solvent that Saves Carbon Fibers" http://www.siemens.com/innovation/apps/pof_microsite/_pof-spring-2013/_html_en/materials.html
- IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "solvolysis".
English Journal
- Ammonolysis of Cobalt Molybdenum Oxides - In Situ XRD Study.
- Adamski P1, Moszyński D1, Komorowska A1, Nadziejko M1, Sarnecki A1, Albrecht A1.
- Inorganic chemistry.Inorg Chem.2018 Jul 31. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00685. [Epub ahead of print]
- PMID 30062888
- Cd2NF, an analogue of CdO.
- Manjunath K 1, Prasad S , Waghmare UV , Rao CNR .
- Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003).Dalton Trans.2018 Jul 17;47(28):9303-9309. doi: 10.1039/c8dt01137k.
- PMID 29881838
- Undoped Layered Perovskite Oxynitride Li2 LaTa2 O6 N for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with Visible Light.
- Oshima T1,2, Ichibha T3, Qin KS3, Muraoka K1,2, Vequizo JJM4, Hibino K1, Kuriki R1,2, Yamashita S5, Hongo K6,7,8,9, Uchiyama T10, Fujii K1, Lu D11, Maezono R3,9, Yamakata A4, Kato H12, Kimoto K5, Yashima M1, Uchimoto Y10, Kakihana M12, Ishitani O1, Kageyama H13, Maeda K1.
- Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English).Angew Chem Int Ed Engl.2018 Jul 2;57(27):8154-8158. doi: 10.1002/anie.201803931. Epub 2018 May 30.
- PMID 29737628
Japanese Journal
- SYNTHESIS OF 3-CYANOPYRAZOLES FROM 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-PYRAZOLES VIA DIRECT AMMONOLYSIS REACTION
- Yan Tao,Chen Yanhong,Wang Jia [他]
- Heterocycles 85(2), 431-439, 2012-02-01
- NAID 40019137635
- Ammonolysis of HTiNbO5-n-Propylamine Intercalation Compound
- MASUBUCHI Yuji,YAMAKAMI Chihiro,MOTOHASHI Teruki,KIKKAWA Shinichi
- Chemistry letters 40(11), 1238-1239, 2011-11-05
- … The ammonolysis reaction to form (Ti,Nb)N was enhanced by the use of HTiNbO5 (n-propyl amine) intercalation compound as a starting material and compared with that for a simple mixture of TiO2 and Nb2O5. … The ammonolysis product formed at 1200℃ was a superconductor (Tc = 15K) with a rock-salt type crystal structure having many structural defects along the stacking direction of the intercalation compound. …
- NAID 10030219906
- Preparation, crystal structure, and superconductive characteristics of new oxynitrides (Nb1-xMx)(N(1-y)o(y)) where M = Mg, Si, and x approximate to y
- Ohashi Yoshio,Motohashi Teruki,Masubuchi Yuji,Moriga Toshihiro,Murai Keiichiro,Kikkawa Shinichi
- JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY 184(8), 2061-2065, 2011
- NAID 120005207133
Related Links
- ammonolysis am·mo·nol·y·sis (ām'ə-nŏl'ĭ-sĭs) n. The breaking of a chemical bond by ammonia during which an amino group is added at the point of breakage. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Cite This ...
- am·mo·nol·y·sis (ă'mō-nol'i-sis), The breaking of a chemical bond with the addition of the elements of ammonia (NH 2 and H) at the point of breakage. [ammonia + G. lysis, dissolution] ammonolysis /am·mo·nol·y·sis/ (am″o-nol´ĭ-sis) a ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
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- 英
- ammonolysis
- 関
- 加アンモニア分解
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- 英
- ammonolysis
- 関
- アンモノリシス