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any compound containing a chlorine atom
any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion)

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塩化物

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/03/24 00:55:21」(JST)

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Ambenonium (as ambenonium dichloride, trade name Mytelase) is a cholinesterase inhibitor^[1] used in the management of myasthenia gravis.

It is classified as reversible.^[2]

Mechanism of action

Ambenonium exerts its actions against myasthenia gravis by competitive reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Myasthenia gravis occurs when the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, and thus inhibits signal transmission across the myoneural junction. Ambenonium reversibly binds acetylcholinesterase, inactivates it and therefore increases levels of acetylcholine. This, in turn, facilitates transmission of impulses across the myoneural junction and effectively treats the disease.

Indications

Ambenonium is used to treat muscle weakness due to disease or defect of the neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis).

Ambenonium was withdrawn from the market in the United States in 2010.^[3]

References

^ Bolognesi ML, Cavalli A, Andrisano V, et al. (September 2003). "Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of ambenonium derivatives as AChE inhibitors". Farmaco. 58 (9): 917–28. doi:10.1016/S0014-827X(03)00150-2. PMID 13679187.
^ Hodge AS, Humphrey DR, Rosenberry TL (May 1992). "Ambenonium is a rapidly reversible noncovalent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, with one of the highest known affinities". Mol. Pharmacol. 41 (5): 937–42. PMID 1588924.
^ "Ambenonium". St. Elizabeth Healthcare.

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English Journal

Schwann cells sense and control acetylcholine spillover at the neuromuscular junction by α7 nicotinic receptors and butyrylcholinesterase.

Petrov KA1, Girard E2, Nikitashina AD3, Colasante C4, Bernard V5, Nurullin L6, Leroy J7, Samigullin D8, Colak O9, Nikolsky E10, Plaud B11, Krejci E12.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2014 Sep 3;34(36):11870-83. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0329-14.2014.
Terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) are key components of the mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ). How the TSCs sense the synaptic activity in physiological conditions remains unclear. We have taken advantage of the distinct localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) a
PMID 25186736

[Beneficial effects of 3,4-diaminopyridine in a 26-year-old woman with DOK7 congenital myasthenic syndrome who was originally diagnosed with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy].

Nishikawa A1, Mori-Yoshimura M, Okamoto T, Oya Y, Nakata T, Ohno K, Murata M.
Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology.Rinsho Shinkeigaku.2014;54(7):561-4.
We report a 26-year-old woman who had respiratory dysfunction and muscle weakness at birth and was diagnosed with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy at the age of 5. The extent of muscle weakness fluctuated daily or weekly and deteriorated in menstrual periods. At the age of 12, she noted improvements in
PMID 25087557

Long-term nicotine treatment down-regulates α6β2* nicotinic receptor expression and function in nucleus accumbens.

Perez XA1, McIntosh JM, Quik M.
Journal of neurochemistry.J Neurochem.2013 Dec;127(6):762-71. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12442. Epub 2013 Oct 13.
Long-term nicotine exposure induces alterations in dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens that sustain the reinforcing effects of smoking. One approach to understand the adaptive changes that arise involves measurement of endogenous dopamine release using voltammetry. We therefore treated rats f
PMID 23992036

Japanese Journal

多発筋炎に重症筋無力症を同時期に合併した1症例

櫻木志津,三谷紀之,田中芳紀 [他],松井久末子,松田万幸,篠原健次,平田郁雄
山口医学 54(2・3), 57-61, 2005-06-30
68歳, 女性.2ヵ月前より両大腿筋肉痛, 筋力低下, 両肩・両膝関節痛が出現し, 立ち上がり, 歩行が困難になった.同時期より眼瞼下垂, 上下肢の易疲労性を認めた.抗核抗体は陽性, 抗アセチルコリンレセプター抗体は著明に高値, 抗Jo-1抗体は陰性であった.エドロフォニウムテストにより眼瞼下垂は改善したが, 上下肢の筋力は改善しなかった.一方CKは上昇し大腿筋生検では筋線維の不揃いの変性, 著明 …
NAID 110002774399

9)コリンエステラーゼ阻害薬(マイテラーゼ:Ambenonium Chloride)による重症筋無力症の治療中に顕性化した冠攣縮性狭心症の1例

吉井豊史,鈴木誠,大木元明義,大塚知明,佐々木修,長岡祥宣,日浅豪,池田俊太郎,橋田英俊,原裕二,大蔵隆文,重松裕二,濱田希臣,日和田邦男
Japanese circulation journal 63(supple2), 776, 1999-08-20
NAID 110002559061

クラーレ拮抗剤としてのAmbenonium chloride(WIN 8077)の研究-1-

山下宏
麻酔 13(4), ????, 1964-04-00
NAID 40018520009

「アンベノニウム」

Ambenonium chloride
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Consumer Drug Information
MedlinePlus	a699058
Routes of; administration	Oral
ATC code	N07AA30 (WHO);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Low
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 2,2'-[(1,2-Dioxoethane-1,2-diyl)diimino]bis[N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-N,N-diethylethanaminium];
CAS Number	7648-98-8 ;
PubChem CID	8288;
DrugBank	DB01122 ;
ChemSpider	7987 ;
UNII	L16PUN799N;
KEGG	D01001 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:2628 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1652 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C28H42Cl2N4O2+2
Molar mass	537.564 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES [Cl-].[Cl-].Clc1ccccc1C[N+](CC)(CC)CCNC(=O)C(=O)NCC[N+](Cc2ccccc2Cl)(CC)CC ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C28H40Cl2N4O2.2ClH/c1-5-33(6-2,21-23-13-9-11-15-25(23)29)19-17-31-27(35)28(36)32-18-20-34(7-3,8-4)22-24-14-10-12-16-26(24)30;;/h9-16H,5-8,17-22H2,1-4H3;2*1H ; Key:DXUUXWKFVDVHIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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