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Allotransplantation (allo- from the Greek meaning "other") is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs, to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species.^[1] The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. A xenograft is a graft from a different species, such as when animal tissue is grafted to help humans.

It is not uncommon for patients and physicians to use the term "allograft" imprecisely to refer to either allograft (human-to-human) or xenograft (animal-to-human), but it is helpful scientifically (for those searching or reading the scientific literature) to maintain the more precise distinction in usage.

An immune response against an allograft or xenograft is termed rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack termed Graft-versus-host disease.

Procedure[edit source | edit]

Informed consent is required before tissue is harvested from a donor, alive or dead. Proper screening for pathology and risk factors for communicable diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis B and C is then conducted.

In the US donor tissue must be harvested and processed adhering to the Current Good Tissue Practices rule. In most cases it is sent to tissue banks for processing and distribution. Each year, Food and Drug Administration regulated and American Association of Tissue Banks-accredited tissue banks distribute 1.5 million bone and tissue allografts.

Transplantable organs and tissues[edit source | edit]

Main article: Transplantable organs and tissues

A variety of organs and tissues can be used for allografts, including:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair
Joint reconstruction in the knee and ankle
Meniscal replacement
Reconstruction due to cancer or trauma
Ridge augmentation in dental procedures
Shoulder repair
Spinal fusion
Urological procedures
skin transplants
corneal transplants
heart transplants
heart valves
lung transplantation
Intestinal transplantation (Isolated Small Bowel, Intestine & Liver, Multivisceral)
liver transplants
kidney transplants
bone marrow transplants
bone allograft
ligament or tendon allograft

Laws & regulations[edit source | edit]

In the US, the Federal government Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulated human tissue intended for transplants since 1993. In order to ensure the quality of donor tissue and reduce contamination and disease transmission risks three regulations addressing manufacturing activities associated with human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) were promulgated in May 2005: The first requires companies producing and distributing HCT/Ps to register with the FDA. The second, called the “Donor Eligibility” rule, proscribes criteria for donor eligibility. The third, the “Current Good Tissue Practices” rule, oversees overall processing and distribution practices of each company.

Other transplant options[edit source | edit]

Autograft, tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same patient. An autograft reduces the risk of rejection but requires a second surgery site, adding pain, risk and possible longer aftercare.

Xenograft, a transplant from another species

Isograft, a transplant from a genetically identical donor, such as an identical twin.

Synthetic and metal implants. Unlike allografts, such grafts do not corporate into the body.

External links[edit source | edit]

http://www.aatb.org/files/safetyoftissuetransplants.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/tissueTransplantsFAQ.html#top
http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/TissueTissueProducts/default.htm
http://www.organdonor.gov/donor/registry.shtm (How to register to be a donor in the USA)
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

References[edit source | edit]

^ Surgery For ACL Tears

UpToDate Contents

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1. 異種移植および腎臓 xenotransplantation and the kidney
2. 移植免疫 transplantation immunobiology
3. 骨髄異形成症候群における造血細胞移植 hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndromes
4. 移植片対宿主病の病因 pathogenesis of graft versus host disease

English Journal

The management of antibody-mediated rejection in the first presensitized recipient of a full-face allotransplant.

Chandraker A1, Arscott R, Murphy GF, Lian CG, Bueno EM, Marty FM, Rennke HG, Milford E, Tullius SG, Pomahac B.
American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.Am J Transplant.2014 Jun;14(6):1446-52. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12715. Epub 2014 May 2.
We report on the management of the first full-face transplantation in a sensitized recipient with a positive preoperative crossmatch and subsequent antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). The recipient is a 45-year-old female who sustained extensive chemical burns, with residual poor function and high le
PMID 24797454

Restoration of the donor face after facial allotransplantation: digital manufacturing techniques.

Grant GT1, Liacouras P, Santiago GF, Garcia JR, Al Rakan M, Murphy R, Armand M, Gordon CR.
Annals of plastic surgery.Ann Plast Surg.2014 Jun;72(6):720-4. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000189.
INTRODUCTION: Current protocols for facial transplantation include the mandatory fabrication of an alloplastic "mask" to restore the congruency of the donor site in the setting of "open casket" burial. However, there is currently a paucity of literature describing the current state-of-the-art and av
PMID 24835867

Alternative donor transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission: a center for international blood and marrow transplant research-eurocord analysis.

Weisdorf D1, Eapen M2, Ruggeri A3, Zhang MJ4, Zhong X5, Brunstein C6, Ustun C6, Rocha V7, Gluckman E8.
Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2014 Jun;20(6):816-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.02.020. Epub 2014 Feb 26.
We studied patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) over age 50 and in first complete remission (CR1) after adult unrelated donor (URD) (n = 441, 8/8 HLA matched; n = 94, 7/8 HLA matched) or umbilical cord blood (UCB; n = 205) transplantations. UCB recipients achieved CR1 within 8 weeks les
PMID 24582782