aleve

Naproxen
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(+)-(S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl); propanoic acid
Clinical data
Trade names	Aleve, Anaprox, Apronax, Naprelan, Naprosyn
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
MedlinePlus	a681029
Licence data	US Daily Med:link
Pregnancy; category	AU: C; US: C;
Legal status	AU: Pharmacy Only (S2); CA: OTC; UK: P; US: OTC; In Australia it is only Schedule 2 when in preparations containing no more than 15 days' supply. Otherwise it is schedule 4 (prescription-only).;
Routes	Oral.
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	95% (oral)
Protein binding	99%
Metabolism	Hepatic (to 6-desmethylnaproxen)
Half-life	12–24 hours
Excretion	Renal
Identifiers
CAS number	22204-53-1
ATC code	G02CC02 M01AE02, M02AA12
PubChem	CID 156391
DrugBank	DB00788
ChemSpider	137720
UNII	57Y76R9ATQ
KEGG	D00118
ChEBI	CHEBI:7476
ChEMBL	CHEMBL154
Chemical data
Formula	C14H14O3
Molecular mass	230.259 g/mol
	SMILES C[C@@H](c1ccc2cc(ccc2c1)OC)C(=O)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C14H14O3/c1-9(14(15)16)10-3-4-12-8-13(17-2)6-5-11(12)7-10/h3-9H,1-2H3,(H,15,16)/t9-/m0/s1 ; Key:CMWTZPSULFXXJA-VIFPVBQESA-N ;
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同: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn
関: Naproxen

WordNet

a general name for beer made with a top fermenting yeast; in some of the United States an ale is (by law) a brew of more than 4% alcohol by volume

PrepTutorEJDIC

(満潮と干潮時の間の)平均海面,海面　海抜 = sea level = sea-level
エール(色が薄いビールの一種;米国では普通のビールより苦くアルコール含有量の多いものをいう)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/23 00:24:03」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Naproxen /nəˈprɒksən/ (INN; brand names: Aleve, Naprosyn and many others) usually sold as the sodium salt naproxen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (which puts it in the same class as ibuprofen) and is commonly used for relief of a wide variety of pain, fever, swelling and stiffness.^[2]^[3]^:665,673 It is the preferred NSAID for long-term use in people with a high risk of cardiovascular (for example, heart attacks or strokes) complications,^[3]^:665 due to its relatively low risk of causing such complications. Naproxen has an intermediate risk of causing stomach ulcers as compared with ibuprofen, which is low risk, and indometacin, which is high risk.^[4] In order to reduce the risk of stomach ulceration, it is often combined with a proton-pump inhibitor (a medication that reduces the production of stomach acid) during long-term treatment, in those with pre-existing stomach ulcers, or a history of developing stomach ulcers while on NSAIDs.^[2]^[3]^:665,673

Medical uses

Naproxen is commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation, and stiffness caused by conditions including migraine, osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, and bursitis, among others. It is also used for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.^[5]

Diagnostics

Naproxen has been utilized to differentiate between infectious fevers and those with neoplastic or connective tissue disease related fevers.^[6]

Adverse effects

COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs have been linked to increases in the number of serious and potentially fatal cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarctions and strokes. Naproxen is, however, associated with the smallest overall cardiovascular risks.^[7]^[8] Cardiovascular risk needs to be taken into account when prescribing any non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug. The drug had roughly 50% of the associated risk of stroke as compared with ibuprofen and was also associated with a reduced number of myocardial infarctions as compared to control groups.^[7] As with other non-COX-2 selective NSAIDs, naproxen can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as heartburn, constipation, diarrhea, ulcers and stomach bleeding.^[9] Persons with a history of ulcers or inflammatory bowel disease should consult a doctor before taking naproxen.

It was found that high-dose naproxen induced near-complete suppression of platelet thromboxane throughout the dosing interval and appeared not to increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, whereas other high-dose NSAID regimens had only transient effects on platelet COX-1 and were associated "with a small but definite vascular hazard". Conversely, naproxen was associated with higher rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding complications in comparison to other NSAIDs.^[8]

NSAID painkillers, such as naproxen, may interfere with and reduce the efficacy of SSRI antidepressants.^[10]

Mechanism of action

Naproxen works by reversibly inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Compound information

Naproxen is a member of the 2-arylpropionic acid (profen) family of NSAIDs.^[16] The free acid is an odorless, white to off-white, crystalline substance. It is lipid-soluble and practically insoluble in water. It has a melting point of 152–155 °C.

Synthesis

Naproxen has been industrially produced by Syntex as follows:^[17]

Marketing and trade names

Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names, including: Aleve, Accord, Anaprox, Antalgin, Apranax, Feminax Ultra, Flanax, Inza, Midol Extended Relief, Nalgesin, Naposin, Naprelan, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Narocin, Proxen, Soproxen, Synflex and Xenobid.

It is also available bundled with esomeprazole magnesium in delayed release tablets under the trade name Vimovo.^[18]

Access restrictions

Naproxen was originally marketed as the prescription drug Naprosyn by Syntex in 1976, and naproxen sodium was first marketed under the trade name Anaprox in 1980. It remains a prescription-only drug in much of the world. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved its use as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in 1994; OTC preparations in the U.S. are mainly marketed by Bayer HealthCare under the trade name Aleve and generic store brand formulations in 220 mg tablets. In Australia, packets of 275 mg tablets of naproxen sodium are Schedule 2 pharmacy medicines, with a maximum daily dose of five tablets or 1375 mg. In the United Kingdom, 250 mg tablets of naproxen were approved for OTC sale under the brand name Feminax Ultra in 2008, for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea in women aged 15 to 50.^[19] In the Netherlands, 220 mg and 275 mg tablets are available OTC in drugstores, 550 mg is OTC only at pharmacies. Aleve became available over-the-counter in most provinces in Canada on 14 July 2009, but not British Columbia, Quebec or Newfoundland and Labrador;^[20] it subsequently became available OTC in British Columbia in late January 2010.^[21]

Research

Naproxen may have anti-viral activity against influenza. Specifically, it blocks the RNA-binding groove of the nucleoprotein of the virus, thereby preventing formation of the ribonucleoprotein complex, thus taking the vital nucleoproteins out of circulation.^[22]

Use in horses

Naproxen is given orally to horses at a dose of 10mg/kg, and has shown to have a wide safety margin (no toxicity when given at 3-times the recommended dose of 42 days).^[23] It is more effective for myositis than the commonly-used NSAID phenylbutazone, and has shown especially good results for treatment of equine exertional rhabdomyolysis,^[24] but is less commonly used for musculoskeletal disease.

References

^ Gill, A, ed. (July 2013). STANDARD FOR THE UNIFORM SCHEDULING OF MEDICINES AND POISONS (PDF). The Poisons Standard 2013 (Therapeutic Goods Administration). ISBN 978-1-74241-895-7. edit
^ ^a ^b Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. edit
^ ^a ^b ^c Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8. edit
^ Richy, F; Bruyere, O; Ethgen, O; Rabenda, V; Bouvenot, G; Audran, M; Herrero-Beaumont, G; Moore, A; Eliakim, R; Haim, M; Reginster, JY (July 2004). "Time dependent risk of gastrointestinal complications induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach.". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 63 (7): 759–66. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.015925. PMC 1755051. PMID 15194568.
^ French L (2005). "Dysmenorrhea". Am Fam Physician 71 (2): 285–91. PMID 15686299.
^ Zell JA, Chang JC (November 2005). "Neoplastic fever: a neglected paraneoplastic syndrome". Support Care Cancer 13 (11): 870–7. doi:10.1007/s00520-005-0825-4. PMID 15864658.
^ ^a ^b Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, Egger M, Jüni P. (2011). "Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis". BMJ 342: c7086. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086. PMC 3019238. PMID 21224324. c7086.
^ ^a ^b Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". Lancet 382 (9894): 769–79. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.
^ Naproxen. PubMed Health.
^ Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (22): 9262–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.
^ Duggan KC, Walters MJ, Musee J, Harp JM, Kiefer JR, Oates JA, Marnett LJ (November 2010). "Molecular basis for cyclooxygenase inhibition by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (45): 34950–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.162982. PMC 2966109. PMID 20810665.
^ Hinz B, Cheremina O, Besz D, Zlotnick S, Brune K (April 2008). "Impact of naproxen sodium at over-the-counter doses on cyclooxygenase isoforms in human volunteers". Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 46 (4): 180–6. doi:10.5414/CPP46180. PMID 18397691.
^ Van Hecken A, Schwartz JI, Depré M, De Lepeleire I, Dallob A, Tanaka W, Wynants K, Buntinx A, Arnout J, Wong PH, Ebel DL, Gertz BJ, De Schepper PJ (October 2000). "Comparative inhibitory activity of rofecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen on COX-2 versus COX-1 in healthy volunteers". J Clin Pharmacol 40 (10): 1109–20. PMID 11028250.
^ Gross GJ, Moore J (July 2004). "Effect of COX-1/COX-2 inhibition versus selective COX-2 inhibition on coronary vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid and acetylcholine". Pharmacology 71 (3): 135–42. doi:10.1159/000077447. PMID 15161995.
^ Hawkey CJ (October 2001). "COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 15 (5): 801–20. doi:10.1053/bega.2001.0236. PMID 11566042.
^ el Mouelhi M, Ruelius HW, Fenselau C, Dulik DM (1987). "Species-dependent enantioselective glucuronidation of three 2-arylpropionic acids. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen". Drug Metab. Dispos. 15 (6): 767–72. PMID 2893700.
^ Harrington PJ, Lodewijk E (1997). "Twenty Years of Naproxen Technology". Org. Process Res. Dev. 1 (1): 72–76. doi:10.1021/op960009e.
^ "Vimovo's hotsite". vimovo.com. 11 March 2015.
^ "Medicines regulator approves availability of a new OTC medicine for period pain" (PDF) (Press release). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 1 April 2008.
^ "ALEVE – Welcome to Canada, Eh!" (Press release). Bayer Health Care. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "ALEVE® – Helping British Columbians with Joint and Arthritis Pain Get Back to Doing the Activities They Love". newswire.ca. 28 January 2010.
^ Lejal N, Tarus B, Bouguyon E, Chenavas S, Bertho N, Delmas B, Ruigrok RW, Di Primo C, Slama-Schwok A (May 2013). "Structure-based discovery of the novel antiviral properties of naproxen against the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 (5): 2231–42. doi:10.1128/AAC.02335-12. PMC 3632891. PMID 23459490. Lay summary – EurekAlert!.
^ McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Proc. AAEP 2001 (47): 182-187.
^ May SA, Lees P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds. Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996;223–237.

External links

Look up naproxen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Aleve U.S.
Aleve Canada
CID 1302 from PubChem
EINECS number 244-838-7
MedlinePlus Information on naproxen
FDA Statement on Naproxen, released 20 December 2004
Alzheimer's Disease Anti-Inflammatory Prevention Trial
Forbes article (expressing the point of view that the risk of heart attack or stroke was overstated)
Which NSAID for Heart Disease Patients? – Medscape
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Naproxen
Aleve Daily Med
Naproxen bound to proteins in the PDB
Use of naproxen in the Treatment of RSD

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における片頭痛の急性期治療 acute treatment of migraine in adults
2. 小児における片頭痛の急性期治療 acute treatment of migraine in children
3. 薬物乱用頭痛：治療および予後 medication overuse headache treatment and prognosis
4. 非選択性非ステロイド性抗炎症剤（NSAIDs）：心血管系への有害作用 nonselective nsaids adverse cardiovascular effects
5. 非選択性非ステロイド性抗炎症剤（NSAIDs）：副作用の概要 nonselective nsaids overview of adverse effects

English Journal

Shear-induced hydrodynamic cavitation as a tool for pharmaceutical micropollutants removal from urban wastewater.

Zupanc M1, Kosjek T2, Petkovšek M3, Dular M3, Kompare B4, Sirok B3, Stražar M5, Heath E6.Author information 1Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Ecological Engineering Institute Ltd, Maribor, Slovenia.2Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia.3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.4Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.5JP CCN Domzale-Kamnik d.o.o., Domzale-Kamnik WWTP, Domzale, Slovenia.6Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: ester.heath@ijs.si.AbstractIn this study, the removal of clofibric acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, carbamazepine and diclofenac residues from wastewater, using a novel shear-induced cavitation generator has been systematically studied. The effects of temperature, cavitation time and H2O2 dose on removal efficiency were investigated. Optimisation (50°C; 15min; 340mgL(-1) of added H2O2) resulted in removal efficiencies of 47-86% in spiked deionised water samples. Treatment of actual wastewater effluents revealed that although matrix composition reduces removal efficiency, this effect can be compensated for by increasing H2O2 dose (3.4gL(-1)) and prolonging cavitation time (30min). Hydrodynamic cavitation has also been investigated as either a pre- or a post-treatment step to biological treatment. The results revealed a higher overall removal efficiency of recalcitrant diclofenac and carbamazepine, when hydrodynamic cavitation was used prior to as compared to post biological treatment i.e., 54% and 67% as compared to 39% and 56%, respectively. This is an important finding since diclofenac is considered as a priority substance to be included in the EU Water Framework Directive.
Ultrasonics sonochemistry.Ultrason Sonochem.2014 May;21(3):1213-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.10.025. Epub 2013 Nov 9.
In this study, the removal of clofibric acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, carbamazepine and diclofenac residues from wastewater, using a novel shear-induced cavitation generator has been systematically studied. The effects of temperature, cavitation time and H2O2 dose on removal efficiency were
PMID 24286658

Formulation parameters of crystalline nanosuspensions on spray drying processing: A DoE approach.

Kumar S1, Xu X1, Gokhale R2, Burgess DJ3.Author information 1University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.2AbbVie Pte Ltd, Research and Development, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, #05-06, Singapore 138667, Singapore.3University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Electronic address: d.burgess@uconn.edu.AbstractNanocrystalline suspensions offer a promising approach to improve dissolution of BCS class II/IV compounds. Spray drying was utilized as a downstream process to improve the physical and chemical stability of dried nanocrystals. The effect of nanocrystalline suspension formulation variables on spray-drying processing was investigated. Naproxen and indomethacin nanocrystalline formulations were formulated with either Dowfax 2A1 (small molecule) or HPMC E15 (high molecular weight polymer) and spray drying was performed. A DoE approach was utilized to understand the effect of critical formulation variables, i.e. type of stabilizer, type of drug, ratio of drug-to-stabilizer and drug concentration. The powders were analyzed for particle size, moisture content, powder X-ray diffraction and dissolution. A dialysis sac adapter for USP apparatus II was developed which provided good discrimination between aggregated and non-aggregated formulations. Nanocrystal aggregation was dependent on the drug-to-stabilizer ratio. The glass transition temperature and the charge effect played a dominant role on spray-dried powder yield. Those formulations with low drug-to-excipient ratios were less aggregating and showed faster dissolution compared to those formulations with high drug-to-excipient ratios. All stable (less aggregated) formulations were subjected to accelerated storage stability testing. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (between drug and excipients) correlated with the spray-dried nanocrystal formulations stability.
International journal of pharmaceutics.Int J Pharm.2014 Apr 10;464(1-2):34-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.013. Epub 2014 Jan 19.
Nanocrystalline suspensions offer a promising approach to improve dissolution of BCS class II/IV compounds. Spray drying was utilized as a downstream process to improve the physical and chemical stability of dried nanocrystals. The effect of nanocrystalline suspension formulation variables on spray-
PMID 24447788

Continuous monitoring of Naproxen by a cytochrome P450-based electrochemical sensor.

Baj-Rossi C1, Rezzonico Jost T, Cavallini A, Grassi F, De Micheli G, Carrara S.Author information 1Laboratory of Integrated Systems, EPFL - École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: camilla.baj-rossi@epfl.ch.AbstractThis paper reports the characterization of an electrochemical biosensor for the continuous monitoring of Naproxen based on cytochrome P450. The electrochemical biosensor is based on the drop-casting of multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) and microsomal cytochrome P4501A2 (msCYP1A2) on a graphite screen-printed electrode (SPE). The proposed biosensor was employed to monitor Naproxen (NAP), a well-known anti-inflammatory compound, through cyclic voltammetry. The dynamic linear range for the amperometric detection of NAP had an upper limit of 300 µM with a corresponding limit of detection (LOD) of 16 ± 1 µM (S/N=3), which is included in NAP physiological range (9-300 µM). The MWCNT/msCYP1A2-SPE sensor was also calibrated for NAP detection in mouse serum that was previously extracted from mice, showing a slightly higher LOD (33 ± 18 µM). The stability of the msCYP1A2-based biosensor was assessed by longtime continuous cyclic voltammetric measurements. The ability of the sensor to monitor drug delivery was investigated by using a commercial micro-osmotic pump. Results show that the MWCNT/msCYP1A2-SPE sensor is capable of precisely monitoring the real-time delivery of NAP for 16 h. This work proves that the proposed electrochemical sensor might represent an innovative point-of-care solution for the personalization of drug therapies, as well as for pharmacokinetic studies in both animals and humans.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Mar 15;53:283-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.058. Epub 2013 Oct 5.
This paper reports the characterization of an electrochemical biosensor for the continuous monitoring of Naproxen based on cytochrome P450. The electrochemical biosensor is based on the drop-casting of multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNTs) and microsomal cytochrome P4501A2 (msCYP1A2) on a graphite
PMID 24144559

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[1] Gill, A, ed. (July 2013). STANDARD FOR THE UNIFORM SCHEDULING OF MEDICINES AND POISONS (PDF). The Poisons Standard 2013 (Therapeutic Goods Administration). ISBN 978-1-74241-895-7. edit

[AMH-2] Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. edit

[BNF-3] Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8. edit

[4] Richy, F; Bruyere, O; Ethgen, O; Rabenda, V; Bouvenot, G; Audran, M; Herrero-Beaumont, G; Moore, A; Eliakim, R; Haim, M; Reginster, JY (July 2004). "Time dependent risk of gastrointestinal complications induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach.". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 63 (7): 759–66. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.015925. PMC 1755051. PMID 15194568.

[pmid15686299-5] French L (2005). "Dysmenorrhea". Am Fam Physician 71 (2): 285–91. PMID 15686299.

[pmid15864658-6] Zell JA, Chang JC (November 2005). "Neoplastic fever: a neglected paraneoplastic syndrome". Support Care Cancer 13 (11): 870–7. doi:10.1007/s00520-005-0825-4. PMID 15864658.

[Trelle-7] Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, Egger M, Jüni P. (2011). "Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis". BMJ 342: c7086. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086. PMC 3019238. PMID 21224324. c7086.

[j1-8] Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron JA, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh ME, FitzGerald GA, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland LE, Kearney PM, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer TJ, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C (August 2013). "Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials". Lancet 382 (9894): 769–79. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9. PMC 3778977. PMID 23726390.

[9] Naproxen. PubMed Health.

[pmid21518864-10] Warner-Schmidt JL, Vanover KE, Chen EY, Marshall JJ, Greengard P (May 2011). "Antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are attenuated by antiinflammatory drugs in mice and humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (22): 9262–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1104836108. PMC 3107316. PMID 21518864.

[pmid20810665-11] Duggan KC, Walters MJ, Musee J, Harp JM, Kiefer JR, Oates JA, Marnett LJ (November 2010). "Molecular basis for cyclooxygenase inhibition by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (45): 34950–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.162982. PMC 2966109. PMID 20810665.

[pmid18397691-12] Hinz B, Cheremina O, Besz D, Zlotnick S, Brune K (April 2008). "Impact of naproxen sodium at over-the-counter doses on cyclooxygenase isoforms in human volunteers". Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 46 (4): 180–6. doi:10.5414/CPP46180. PMID 18397691.

[pmid11028250-13] Van Hecken A, Schwartz JI, Depré M, De Lepeleire I, Dallob A, Tanaka W, Wynants K, Buntinx A, Arnout J, Wong PH, Ebel DL, Gertz BJ, De Schepper PJ (October 2000). "Comparative inhibitory activity of rofecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen on COX-2 versus COX-1 in healthy volunteers". J Clin Pharmacol 40 (10): 1109–20. PMID 11028250.

[pmid15161995-14] Gross GJ, Moore J (July 2004). "Effect of COX-1/COX-2 inhibition versus selective COX-2 inhibition on coronary vasodilator responses to arachidonic acid and acetylcholine". Pharmacology 71 (3): 135–42. doi:10.1159/000077447. PMID 15161995.

[pmid11566042-15] Hawkey CJ (October 2001). "COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 15 (5): 801–20. doi:10.1053/bega.2001.0236. PMID 11566042.

[pmid2893700-16] Mouelhi M, Ruelius HW, Fenselau C, Dulik DM (1987). "Species-dependent enantioselective glucuronidation of three 2-arylpropionic acids. Naproxen, ibuprofen, and benoxaprofen". Drug Metab. Dispos. 15 (6): 767–72. PMID 2893700.

[Harrington-17] Harrington PJ, Lodewijk E (1997). "Twenty Years of Naproxen Technology". Org. Process Res. Dev. 1 (1): 72–76. doi:10.1021/op960009e.

[Vimovo-18] "Vimovo's hotsite". vimovo.com. 11 March 2015.

[19] "Medicines regulator approves availability of a new OTC medicine for period pain" (PDF) (Press release). Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). 1 April 2008.

[20] "ALEVE – Welcome to Canada, Eh!" (Press release). Bayer Health Care. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2012.

[Press_Release.2C_January_2010-21] "ALEVE® – Helping British Columbians with Joint and Arthritis Pain Get Back to Doing the Activities They Love". newswire.ca. 28 January 2010.

[pmid23459490-22] Lejal N, Tarus B, Bouguyon E, Chenavas S, Bertho N, Delmas B, Ruigrok RW, Di Primo C, Slama-Schwok A (May 2013). "Structure-based discovery of the novel antiviral properties of naproxen against the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 (5): 2231–42. doi:10.1128/AAC.02335-12. PMC 3632891. PMID 23459490. Lay summary – EurekAlert!.

[23] McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Proc. AAEP 2001 (47): 182-187.

[24] May SA, Lees P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW, eds. Joint disease in the horse. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996;223–237.

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