agglutinative

• adj.

• 凝集性の

関

aggregability、aggregated、cohesive

　 　

WordNet

1. forming derivative or compound words by putting together constituents each of which expresses a single definite meaning (同)polysynthetic
2. cohering or tending to cohere; well integrated; "a cohesive organization"
3. causing cohesion; "a cohesive agent"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 膠着する,膠着性の
2. 粘着性のある,結合力のある / 凝集力のある

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/18 00:37:18」(JST)

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For biological agglutination, see Agglutination (biology). For the music festival, see Agglutination Metal Festival.

The middle sign is in Hungarian, which agglutinates extensively. (The top and bottom signs are in Romanian and German, respectively, both inflecting languages.)

Agglutination is a process in linguistic morphology derivation in which complex words are formed by stringing together morphemes, each with a single grammatical or semantic meaning. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. An example of such a language is Turkish, where for example, the word evlerinizden, or "from your houses," consists of the morphemes, ev-ler-iniz-den with the meanings house-plural-your-from, just like in Hungarian where házatokból means the same and consists of the morphemes ház-a-tok-ból.

Agglutinative languages are often contrasted both with languages in which syntactic structure is expressed solely by means of word order and auxiliary words (isolating languages) and with languages in which a single affix typically expresses several syntactic categories and a single category may be expressed by several different affixes (as is the case in inflectional (fusional) languages). However, both fusional and isolating languages may use agglutination in the most-often-used constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such as word derivation. This is the case in English, which has an agglutinated plural marker -(e)s and derived words such as shame·less·ness.

Agglutinative suffixes are often inserted irrespective of syllabic boundaries, for example, by adding a consonant to the syllable coda as in English tie – ties. Agglutinative languages also have large inventories of enclitics, too, which can be and are separated from the word root by native speakers in daily usage.

Note that the term agglutination is sometimes used more generally to refer to the morphological process of adding suffixes or other morphemes to the base of a word. This is treated in more detail in the section on other uses of the term.

Examples of agglutinative languages

Main article: Agglutinative language

Whilst agglutination is characteristic of certain language families, it would be facile to jump to the conclusion that when several languages in similar geographic area are all agglutinative, they necessarily have to be related in the phylogenetic sense. In particular, such a conclusion formerly led linguists to propose the so-called Ural–Altaic language family which would (in the largest scope ever proposed) include Uralic and Turkic languages as well as Mongolian, Korean and Japanese. However, contemporary linguistics views this proposal as controversial.

On the other hand, it is also the case that some languages that have developed from agglutinative proto-languages have lost this feature. For example, contemporary Estonian, which is so closely related to Finnish that the two languages are mutually intelligible, has shifted towards the fusional type. (It has also lost other features typical of the Uralic families, such as vowel harmony.)

Eurasia

Examples of agglutinative languages include the Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. These have highly agglutinated expressions in daily usage, and most words are bisyllabic or longer. Grammatical information expressed by adpositions in Western Indo-European languages is typically found in suffixes.

Hungarian uses extensive agglutination in almost all and any part of it. The suffixes follow each other in special order, and can be heaped in extreme amount, resulting words conveying complex meanings in very compact form. An example is fiaiéi where the root "fi-" means "son", the subsequent 4 vowels are all separate suffixes, and the whole word means "[properties] of his/her sons". The nested possessive structure and expression of plurals is quite remarkable (note that Hungarian uses no genders).

Almost all of the Philippine languages also belong to this category. This enables them, especially Filipino, to form new words from simple base forms. An example is nakakapagpabagabag, which means causing someone or something to be upset and is formed from the root bagabag, which means upset/upsetting.

Japanese is also an agglutinating language, adding information such as negation, passive voice, past tense, honorific degree and causality in the verb form. Common examples would be hatarakaseraretara (働かせられたら), which combines causative, passive or potential, and conditional conjugations to arrive at two meanings depending on context "if (subject) had been made to work..." and "if (subject) could make (object) work", and tabetakunakatta (食べたくなかった), which combines desire, negation, and past tense conjugations to mean "(subject) did not want to eat".

Turkish is another agglutinating language: the expression Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışçasına is pronounced as one word in Turkish, but it can be translated into English as "as if you were one of those whom we could not make resemble the Czechoslovakian people."

Sanskrit is an agglutinating language and languages derived from it such as Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, etc.. Example of such words include "Suryodaya" = Surya (sun) + udaya (rise) or "Himalaya" = Him (snow) + alaya (temple).

All Dravidian languages, including Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil, are agglutinative. Agglutination is used to very high degrees both in formal written forms in Telugu.

Agglutination is also a common feature of Basque. The conjugations of verbs, for example, are done by adding different prefixes or suffixes to the root of the verb: dakartzat, which means 'I bring them', is formed by da (indicates present tense), kar (root of the verb ekarri-> bring), tza (indicates plural) and t (indicates subject, in this case, "I"). Another example would be the declination: Etxean = "In the house" where etxe = house.

Americas

Agglutination is used very heavily in some Native American languages, such as the Inuit languages, Nahuatl, Quechua, Tz'utujil, Kaqchikel, Cha'palaachi and K'iche, where one word can contain enough morphemes to convey the meaning of what would be a complex sentence in other languages.

Constructed

Esperanto is a constructed auxiliary language with highly regular grammar and agglutinative word morphology. See Esperanto vocabulary.

Fictional

Newspeak is a fictional language in 1984 based on the sole goal of agglutination, as expressed by the character Syme, "Every concept that can ever be needed, will be expressed by exactly one word" For instance, using the root word "good" we can form words such as goodly (does well), plusgood (very good), doubleplusgood (very good), and ungood (bad). Words with comparative and superlative meanings are also simplified, so "better" becomes "gooder", and "best" becomes "goodest."

Slots

As noted above, it is a typical feature of agglutinative languages that there is a one-to-one correspondence between suffixes and syntactic categories. For example, a noun may have separate markers for number, case, possessive or conjunctive usage etc. The order of these affixes is fixed, so we may view any given noun or verb as a stem followed by several inflectional slots, i.e. positions in which inflectional suffixes may occur. It is often the case that the most common instance of a given grammatical category is unmarked, i.e. the corresponding affix is empty.

The number of slots for a given part of speech can be surprisingly high. For example, a finite Korean verb has seven slots (the brackets indicate parts of morphemes which may be omitted in some phonological environments):

1. honorific: -(ǔ)si is used when the speaker is honouring the subject of the sentence
2. tense: (ə)s' for completed (past) action or state; when this slot is empty, the tense is interpreted as present
3. experiential-contrastive aspect: (ə)s' doubling the past tense marker means "the subject has had the experience described by the verb"
4. modal: kes' is used with first-person-subjects only for definite future and with second-or-third-person-subjects also for probable present or past
5. formal: (sǔ)pni expresses politeness to the hearer
6. retrospective aspect: tə indicates that the speaker recollects what he observed in the past and reports in the present situation
7. mood: ta for declarative, k'a for interrogative, la for imperative, ca for propositive, yo for polite declarative and a large number of other possible mood markers

Moreover, passive and causative verbal forms can be derived by adding suffixes to the base, which could be seen as the null-th slot; however, passives are not as commonly used as in English and many verbs do not allow passivization at all.

Even though some combinations of suffixes are not possible (e.g. only one of the aspect slots may be filled with a non-empty suffix), over 400 verb forms may be formed from a single base. Here are a few examples formed from the word root ka `to go'; the numbers indicate which slots contain non-empty suffixes:

• 7 (imperative mood marker): imperative suffix -la combines with the root ka- to express imperative: ka-la `Go!';
• 7 (propositive mood marker): if we want to express proposition rather than command, we use the propositive mood marker -ca instead of -la: ka-ca `Let's go!'
• 5 and 7: If the speaker wants to show respect for the hearer, he uses the politeness marker -pni (in slot 5); various mood markers may be simultaneously used (in slot 7, therefore after the politeness marker): ka-pni-ta `He is going.', ka-pni-k'a? `Is he going?'
• 6: retrospective aspect: John i cip e ka-tə la `I observed that John was going home and now I am reporting that to you.'
• 7: simple indicative: sənsæŋnim i cip e ka-n-ta `The teacher is going home. (not expressing respect or politeness)'
• 5 and 7: politeness towards the hearer: sənsæŋnim i cip e ka-pni-ta or sənsæŋnim i cip e ka-yo `The teacher is going home.',
• 1 and 7: respect towards the subject: sənsæŋnim i cip e ka-si-n-ta `The (respected) teacher is going home.'
• 1, 5 and 7: two kinds of politeness in one sentence: sənsæŋnim i cip e ka-si-əyo or sənsæŋnim i cip e ka-si-pni-ta `The teacher is going home. (expressing respect both to the hearer and the teacher)'
• 2, 3 and 7: past forms: John i hakkyo e ka-s'-ta `John has gone to school (and is there now).', John i hakkyo e ka-s'-əs'-ta `John has been to school (and has come back).'
• 4 and 7: first person modal: næ ka næil ka-kes'-ta `I will go tomorrow.'
• 4 and 7: third person modal: John ka næil ka-kes'-ta `I suppose that John will go tomorrow.', John ka ace ka-kes'-ta `I suppose that John left yesterday.'

Suffixing or prefixing

Whilst most agglutinative languages in Europe and Asia use predominantly suffixing, the Bantu languages of southern Africa are known for a highly complex mixture of prefixes, suffixes and reduplication. A typical feature of this language family is that nouns fall into noun classes. To each noun class, there are specific singular and plural prefixes, which also serve as markers of agreement between the subject and the verb. Moreover, the noun determines prefixes of all words that modify it and subject determines prefixes of other elements in the same verb-phrase. For example, Swahili nouns -toto `child' and -tu `person' fall into class 1, with singular prefix m- and plural prefix wa-, whilst -tabu `book' falls into class 7, with singular prefix ki- and plural prefix vi-. The following sentences may be formed:

m-toto a-li-fika `The child arrived.' m-toto a-ta-fika `The child will arrive.' wa-toto wa-li-fika `The children arrived.' wa-toto wa-ta-fika `The children will arrive.'

m-tu a-li-lala `The person slept.' m-tu a-ta-lala `The person will sleep.' wa-tu wa-li-lala `The persons slept.' wa-tu wa-ta-lala `The persons will sleep.'

ki-tabu ki-li-anguka `The book fell.' ki-tabu ki-ta-anguka `The book will fall.' vi-tabu vi-li-anguka `The books fell.' vi-tabu vi-ta-anguka `The books will fall.'

yu-le 1sg-that

m-tu 1sg-person

m-moja 1sg-one

m-refu 1sg-tall

a-li 1sg-he-past

y-e 7sg-rel.-it

ki-soma 7sg-read

ki-le 7sg-that

ki-tabu 7sg-book

ki-refu 7sg-long

`That one tall person who read that long book.'

wa-le 1pl-that

wa-tu 1pl-person

wa-wili 1pl-two

wa-refu 1pl-tall

wa-li 1pl-he-past

(w)-o 7pl-rel.-it

vi-soma 7pl-read

vi-le 7pl-that

vi-tabu 7pl-book

vi-refu 7pl-long

`Those two tall people who read those long books.'

Agglutination in the context of quantitative linguistics

We have already mentioned the fact that most languages include inflectional, agglutinative and isolating constructions side by side. The American linguist Joseph Harold Greenberg in his 1960 paper A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language proposed to use the so-called agglutinative index to calculate a numerical value which would allow a researcher to compare the "degree of agglutitativeness" of various languages. For Greenberg, agglutination means that the morphs are joined only with slight or no modification. A morpheme is said to be automatic if it either takes a single surface form (morph), or if its surface form is determined by phonological rules that hold in all similar instances in that language. A morph juncture – a position in a word where two morphs meet – is considered agglutinative when both morphemes included are automatic. The index of agglutination is equal to the average ratio of the number of agglutinative junctures to the number of morph junctures. Languages with high values of the agglutinative index are agglutinative and with low values of the agglutinative index are fusional.

In the same paper, Greenberg proposed several other indices, many of which turn out to be relevant to the study of agglutination. The synthetic index is the average number of morphemes per word, with the lowest conceivable value equal to 1 for isolating (analytic) languages and real-life values rarely exceeding 3. The compounding index is equal to the average number of root morphemes per word (as opposed to derivational and inflectional morphemes). The derivational, inflectional, prefixial and suffixial indices correspond respectively to the average number of derivational and inflectional morphemes, prefixes and suffixes.

Here is a table of sample values:

	agglutination	synthesis	compounding	derivation	inflection	prefixing	suffixing
Swahili	0.67	2.56	1.00	0.03	0.31	0.45	0.16
spoken Turkish	0.67	1.75	1.04	0.06	0.38	0.00	0.44
written Turkish	0.60	2.33	1.00	0.11	0.43	0.00	0.54
Yakut	0.51	2.17	1.02	0.16	0.38	0.00	0.53
Greek	0.40	1.82	1.02	0.07	0.37	0.02	0.42
English	0.30	1.67	1.00	0.09	0.32	0.02	0.38
Eskimo	0.03	3.70	1.00	0.34	0.47	0.00	0.73

Phonetics and agglutination

The one-to-one relationship between an affix and its grammatical function may be somewhat complicated by the phonological processes active in the given language. For example, the following two phonological phenomena appear in many of the Uralic languages, and the latter also in Altaic languages:

• consonant gradation, meaning that there is alternation between certain pairs of consonant clusters such that one member of the pair appears at the beginning of an open syllable and the other at the beginning of a closed syllable;
• vowel harmony, meaning that only specific subclasses of vowels coexist in a non-compounded word.

Several examples from Finnish will illustrate how these two rules and other phonological processes lead to diversions from the basic one-to-one relationship between morphs and their syntactic and semantic function. No phonological rule is applied in the conjugation of talo `house'. However, the second example illustrates several kinds of phonological phenomena.

talo `house'	märkä paita `a wet shirt'	the roots contain consonant clusters -rk- and -t-
talo-n `of the house'	märä-n paida-n `of a wet shirt'	consonant gradation: the genitive suffix -n closes the preceding syllable;           rk -> r, t->d
talo-ssa `in the house'	märä-ssä paida-ssa `in a wet shirt'	vowel harmony: a word containing ä may not contain the vowels a, o, u;           an allomorph of the inessive ending -ssa/ssä is used
talo-i-ssa `in the houses'	mär-i-ssä paido-i-ssa `in wet shirts'	phonological rules also imply different vowel changes when the plural marker -i- meets a stem-final vowel

Extremes of agglutination

It is possible to construct artificial extreme examples of agglutination, which have no real use, but illustrate the theoretical capability of the grammar to agglutinate. This is not a question of "long words", since some languages permit limitless combinations with compound words, negative clitics or such, which can be (and are) expressed with an analytic structure in actual usage.

English is capable of agglutinating morphemes of solely Germanic origin, as un-whole-some-ness, but generally speaking the longest words are assembled from forms of Latin or Ancient Greek origin. The classic example is antidisestablishmentarianism. Agglutinative languages often have more complex derivational agglutination than isolating languages, so they can do the same to a much larger extent. For example, in Hungarian, a word such as elnemzetietleníthetetlenségnek, which means "for [the purposes of] undenationalizationability" can find actual use. The same way, there are the words that have their meaning but probably are never used such as legeslegmegszentségteleníttethetetlenebbjeitekként, which means "like the most of most undesecratable ones of you", but hard to decipher in meaning when heard by native speakers. Using inflectional agglutination, these can be extended. For example, the official Guinness world record is Finnish epäjärjestelmällistyttämättömyydellänsäkäänköhän "I wonder if – even with his/her quality of not having been made unsystematized". It has the derived word epäjärjestelmällistyttämättömyys as the root and is lengthened with the inflectional endings -llänsäkäänköhän. However, this word is grammatically unusual, since -kään "also" is used only in negative clauses, but -kö (question) only in question clauses.

A very popular Turkish agglutination is Çekoslovakyalılaştıramadıklarımızdanmışsınız, meaning "You are said to be one of those that we couldn't manage to convert to a Czechoslovak". This historical reference is used as a joke for the individuals who are hard to change or those who stick out in a group.

On the other hand, Afyonkarahisarlılaştırabildiklerimizdenmişsinizcesine is a longer word and it does not surprise people as it contains no spaces and the latter stands for As if you are one of the people that we made resemble from Afyonkarahisar. A recent addition to the claims has come with the introduction of the following word in Turkish muvaffakiyetsizleştiricileştiriveremeyebileceklerimizdenmişsinizcesine, which means something like (you are talking) as if you are one of those that we cannot easily convert into an unsuccessful-person-maker (someone who un-educates people to make them unsuccessful).

Georgian is also a highly agglutinative language, for example the word gadmosakontrrevolucieleblebisnairebisatvisaco (გადმოსაკონტრრევოლუციელებლებისნაირებისათვისაცო) would mean (someone not specified) said that it is also for those who are like the ones who need to be to again/back contrrevolutionized.

Other uses of the words agglutination and agglutinative

The words agglutination and agglutinative come from the Latin word agglutinare, `to glue together'. In linguistics, these words have been in use since 1836, when Wilhelm von Humboldt's posthumously published work Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts introduced the division of languages into isolating, inflectional, agglutinative and incorporating.

Especially in some older literature, agglutinative is sometimes used as a synonym for synthetic. In that case, it embraces what we call agglutinative and inflectional languages, and it is an antonym of analytic or isolating. Besides the clear etymological motivation (after all, inflectional endings are also "glued" to the stems), this more general usage is justified by the fact that the distinction between agglutinative and inflectional languages is not a sharp one, as we have already seen.

In the second half of the 19th century, many linguists believed that there is a natural cycle of language evolution: function words of the isolating type are glued to their head-words, so that the language becomes agglutinative; later morphs become merged through phonological processes, and what comes out is an inflectional language; finally inflectional endings are often dropped in quick speech, inflection is omitted and the language goes back to the isolating type.

The following passage from Lord (1960) demonstrates well the whole range of meanings that the word agglutination may have.

(Agglutination...) consists of the welding together of two or more terms constantly occurring as a syntagmatic group into a single unit, which becomes either difficult or impossible to analyse thereafter. Agglutination takes various forms. In French, welding becomes complete fusion. Latin hanc horam `at this hour' is the French adverbial unit encore. Old French tous jours becomes toujours, and dès jà (`since now') déjà (`already'). In English, on the other hand, apart from rare combinations such as good-bye from God be with you, walnut from Wales nut, window from wind-eye (O.N. vindauga), the units making up the agglutinated forms retain their identity. Words like blackbird and beefeater are a different kettle of fish; they retain their units but their ultimate meaning is not fully deducible from these units. (...) Saussure preferred to distinguish between compound words and truly synthesised or agglutinated combinations.

Agglutinative languages in Natural Language Processing

In natural language processing, languages with rich morphology pose problems of quite a different kind than isolating languages. In the case of agglutinative languages, the main obstacle lies in the large number of word forms that can be obtained from a single root. As we have already seen, the generation of these word forms is somewhat complicated by the phonological processes of the particular language. Although the basic one-to-one relationship between form and syntactic function is not broken in Finnish, the authoritative institution Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (KOTUS, i.e. the Institute for the Languages of Finland) lists 51 declension types for Finnish nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals.

Even more problems occur with the recognition of word forms. Modern linguistic methods are largely based on the exploitation of corpora; however, when the number of possible word forms is large, any corpus will necessarily contain only a small fraction of them. Hajič (2010) claims that computer space and power are so cheap nowadays that all possible word forms may be generated beforehands and stored in a form of a lexicon listing all possible interpretations of any given word form. (The data structure of the lexicon has to be optimized so that the search is quick and efficient.) According to Hajič, it is the disambiguation of these word forms which is difficult (more so for inflective languages where the ambiguity is high than for agglutinative languages).

Other authors do not share Hajič's view that space is no issue and instead of listing all possible word forms in a lexicon, word form analysis is implemented by modules which try to break up the surface form into a sequence of morphemes occurring in an order permissible by the language. The problem of such an analysis is the large number of morpheme boundaries typical for agglutinative languages. A word of an inflectional language has only one ending and therefore the number of possible divisions of a word into the base and the ending is only linear with the length of the word. In an agglutinative language, where several suffixes are concatenated at the end of the word, the number of different divisions which have to be checked for consistency is large. This approach was used for example in the development of a system for Arabic, where agglutination occurs when articles, prepositions and conjunctions are joined with the following word and pronouns are joined with the preceding word. See Grefenstette et al. (2005) for more details.

See also

• Affix
• Agglutinative language
• Noun adjunct
• Word formation

References

Bibliography

• Kimmo Koskenniemi & Lingsoft Oy: Finnish Morphological Analyser, Lingsoft Language Solutions, 1995–2011.
• Bernard Comrie (editor): The World's Major Languages, Oxford University Press, New York – Oxford 1990.
• Keith Denning, Suzanne Kemmer (ed.): On language: selected writings of Joseph H. Greenberg, Stanford University Press, 1990. Selected parts are available on googlebooks.
• Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams: An Introduction to Language, Thompson Wadsworth, 2007.
• Joseph H. Greenberg: A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language, 1960. Available through JSTOR and in Denning et al. (1990), p. 3-25. There is also a good a short summary.
• Gregory Grefenstette, Nasredine Semmar, Faïza Elkateb-Gara: Modifying a Natural Language Processing System for European Languages to Treat Arabic in Information Processing

and Information Retrieval Applications, Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages – Workshop Proceedings, University of Michigan 2005, p. 31-38. Available at [1].

• Jan Hajič: Reliving the history: the beginnings of statistical machine translation and languages with rich morphology, IceTAL'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advances in natural language processing, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010. Abstract available at [2].
• Helena Lehečková: Úvod do ugrofinistiky, Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, Praha 1983.
• Robert Lord: Teach Yourself Comparative Linguistics, The English Universities Press Ltd., St Paul's House, London 1967 (first edition 1966).
• Hans Christian Luschützky: Uvedení do typologie jazyků, Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha 2003.
• J. Vendryes: Language – A Linguistic Introduction to History, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., Ltd., London 1925 (translated by Paul Radin)

External links

• Mwana Simba, a web-page about Swahili grammar.

English Journal

• Preparation of highly luminescent mannose-gold nanodots for detection and inhibition of growth of Escherichia coli.

• Tseng YT, Chang HT, Chen CT, Chen CH, Huang CC.SourceInstitute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2011 Sep 15;27(1):95-100. Epub 2011 Jun 25.
• In this paper, we describe a novel, simple, and convenient method for preparing water-soluble biofunctional gold nanodots (Au NDs) for the sensitive and selective detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the inhibition of its growth. We obtained luminescent mannose-capped Au NDs (Man-Au NDs) from
• PMID 21757332

• Removal of chloride from electric arc furnace dust.

• Chen WS, Shen YH, Tsai MS, Chang FC.SourceSustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No. 500, Sec. 3, An-Ming Rd., Tainan 709, Taiwan.
• Journal of hazardous materials.J Hazard Mater.2011 Jun 15;190(1-3):639-44. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
• Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust with high chloride content increases the threat of dioxin emissions and the high chloride content reduces the value of recycled zinc oxide produced by EAF dust recycling plants. This study conducts a number of laboratory experiments to determine the technical feasibil
• PMID 21531506

• Preparation and characterization of lung-targeting ceftiofur-loaded gelatin microspheres.

• Hao Z, Qu B, Wang Y, Tang S, Wang G, Qiu M, Zhang R, Liu Y, Xiao X.SourceDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China.
• Drug development and industrial pharmacy.Drug Dev Ind Pharm.2011 Jun 2. [Epub ahead of print]
• Background: Ceftiofur is an effective antibiotic against respiratory infections in livestock. However, ceftiofur concentration that is found in lungs after intravenous injection is not effective. Fortunately, ceftiofur-loaded gelatin microsphere (Cef-MS) enjoys advantages of lung-targeting and can a
• PMID 21635137

Japanese Journal

• 識別学習に基づく音声認識単語辞書の最適化

• アブリミテ・ミジテ ,河原 達也,ハムヅラ・アスカ
• 情報処理学会研究報告. SLP, 音声言語情報処理 2011-SLP-87(5), 1-4, 2011-07-14
• 日本語やウイグル語のような膠着言語では、単語の単位が自明でなく、音声認識の言語モデルの設計においても重要な問題となっている。本稿では、音声認識誤り (単語誤り率) を削減するような単語エントリを識別学習により選択する方法を提案する。各単語エントリに対して素性の集合とそれらの重みからなる評価関数、及び、形態素単位のモデルと単語単位のモデルの誤り率の差による誤分類尺度を定義した上で、パーセプトロン学習 …
• NAID 110008584132

• ウイグル語の形態素に基づく言語モデルと音声認識システム

• アブリミテ・ミジテ ,ニュービッグ・グラム ,三村 正人,森 信介,河原 達也,ハムヅラ・アスカ
• 情報処理学会研究報告. SLP, 音声言語情報処理 2010-SLP-82(17), 1-5, 2010-07-15
• ウイグル語は膠着性の言語で、単語は語幹 (語根) に接尾辞が付くことによって構成される。膠着性の言語の語彙は爆発的に大きくなるので、形態素に基づく言語モデルを構成し、比較実験を行なった。形態素は意味を持つ最小の単位であり、本研究では接頭辞・語幹・接尾辞のいずれかを指す。Julius を用いて大語彙連続音声認識システムを構成し、異なる単位 (単語・形態素・音節) の言語モデルの比較を行なった。
• NAID 110007990729

• 音声対話システムにおける簡略表現認識のための誤認識増加を抑制する自動語彙拡張(学生セッション II)

• 勝丸 真樹,駒谷 和範,尾形 哲也,奥乃 博
• 情報処理学会研究報告. SLP, 音声言語情報処理 2008(46), 71-76, 2008-05-15
• 音声対話システムにおいてユーザはしばしば名称の一部を省略して発話し,音声認識誤りを招く.我々は,「簡略表現」を単語の一部を省略した表現として定義し,簡略表現を音声認識辞書に自動追加する.簡略表現の取得には,日本語では複合語を分割する必要があるが,形態素解析器のみの分割では固有名詞は必ずしも正確に分割できない.さらに,多くの簡略表現を辞書に追加すると,語彙サイズの増加により音声認識精度が劣化する.我 …
• NAID 110006794828

Related Links

• Agglutinative language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An agglutinative language is a language that uses agglutination extensively: most words are formed by joining morphemes together. This term was introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1836 to classify languages from a morphological point ...

• Agglutination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Examples of agglutinative languages include the Uralic languages, such as ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「cohesive」「aggregated」「凝集性」「aggregability」

「cohesive」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 粘着性の、凝集性の、接着性の

関

adherence、adherent、adhesive、adhesive property、adhesiveness、agglutinative、aggregability、aggregated、cohesiveness、stickiness、sticky

　 　 　

「aggregated」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 凝集性の、塊状の

関

agglomerative、agglutinative、aggregability、cohesive、massive

「凝集性」

　　[★]

英

aggregability、aggregated、cohesive、agglutinative

関

塊状、接着性、粘着性

「aggregability」

　　[★]

• 凝集性

関

agglutinative、aggregated、cohesive