WordNet

impervious to pleas, persuasion, requests, reason; "he is adamant in his refusal to change his mind"; "Cynthia was inexorable; she would have none of him"- W.Churchill; "an intransigent conservative opposed to every liberal tendency" (同)adamantine, inexorable, intransigent
(Greek mythology) a judge of the dead in the underworld

PrepTutorEJDIC

(伝説で)絶対に砕けない堅固な物質 / 《文》(人,人の態度・意見などが)堅固無比な;(…するといって)ゆずらない《+『about』do『ing』》,(…だと)ゆずらない《+『that』節》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/07 20:24:54」(JST)

wiki ja

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アダマント（英語: adamant）やアダマンティン（adamantine）、その他の異形は、ダイヤモンドやその他の宝石、ある種の金属など非常に堅固な物質を示すのに使われる語である。

語

アダマントとダイヤモンドはともに「征服されない」（否定接頭辞 α- + δαμαω）を意味するギリシア語のアダマス (αδαμας) から派生した語である。

アダマンティン (adamantine) は、「アダマントの」「アダマントのような」を意味する英語の形容詞である。

日本語では金剛の訳を当てることがある。

現代の創作物では、アダマンチウム（adamantium : 語尾に -ium をつける新ラテン語にならった金属名）やアダマンタイト（adamantite : 語尾に -ite をつける鉱石名）という変形もよく使われる。

アダマントとは何か

『羅和辞典』（研究社）ではアダマスを鋼鉄としており、実際ヘシオドスの『神統記』でも鎌の材料とされているので鋼鉄と解するのが自然である。しかしその後アダマスは、ひろく硬い物質、なかでも知られる限り最も硬い物質でありまた最も硬い天然素材であったダイアモンドを指すようになった。

ところが中世には、アダマス / アダマントは磁石をも意味するようになった^[1]。ラテン語で動詞「愛する」を adamare といい、鉄をひきつける様子から磁石を lapis adamans（愛する石）と呼んだのが、さらに転じて adamas = 磁石となったのだという説がある^[2]。文献によってアダマントがダイヤモンドなのか磁石なのかはまちまちであり、その都度、文脈から判断するしかない。

またアダマントと磁石の別の関連づけとして、アダマント（この場合はダイヤモンド）が磁力を阻害するという迷信がある。この話は大プリニウスの『博物誌』第37巻15節やアウグスティヌスの『神の国』第5巻、トーマス・ブラウンの『プセウドドキシア・エピデミカ（荒唐世説）』第3巻に取り上げられており、広く西洋世界で信じられていたことがうかがえる。

今日では「ダイヤモンド」の語が最も硬い宝石を指して使われるので、「アダマント」は古めかしい、詩的・文飾的な用語になっている。しかし漫画やゲームなどのフィクションでは非常に硬い物質の名称として現在でも多用されている。

物語の中のアダマント

ギリシア神話

ギリシア神話では、ティーターンのクロノスがアダマントの鎌を振るい、父親であるウーラノスを去勢した。アダマンティンの鎌ないし剣はまた、英雄ペルセウスによってゴルゴーンのメドゥーサの首を刎ねるのにも使われている。
ギリシア悲劇『縛られたプロメテウス』のG・M・クックソンの英訳では、ヘーパイストスはプロメテウスを「ごつごつした岩に不壊なるアダマンティンにて縛めた」(to the jagged rocks in adamantine bonds infrangible)。
ウェルギリウスの『アエネーイス』第4巻では、タルタロスにはアダマンティンの列柱に囲まれた軋む門があると描写している。

その他の神話・伝承

ジョン・マンデヴィルの『東方旅行記』(14C) では、インドへの途上で、ダイヤモンドが成長したある物質についての言及がある。
欽定訳聖書 (1611) では「アダマント」の語はいくつかの詩で使われている。例としてエゼキエル書3章9節「おまえの額を火打石より硬いアダマントのようにする」(As an adamant harder than flint have I made thy forehead)。後の英訳では「アダマント」は「ダイヤモンド」に置き換わっている。なお、おもな日本語訳聖書では新共同訳聖書が「ダイヤモンド」、文語訳聖書、新改訳聖書が「金剛石」である。

フィクション

ジョン・ミルトンの『失楽園』(1667) 第1巻で、サタンは追い落とされて「底なしの地獄、アダマンティンの鎖と戒めの炎の中に住まわされた」(to bottomless perdition, there to dwell in adamantine chains and penal fire)。第6巻では、サタンの盾は「十重のアダマント」、天使たちの鎧は「アダマンティン」と記述されている^[3]。
ジョナサン・スウィフトの『ガリヴァー旅行記』(1726) 第3部第3章では、ラピュータを浮遊させる巨大磁石として「厚さ二百ヤードのアダマントの一枚岩」 (one even regular plate of adamant, shooting up to the height of about two hundred yards) が登場している^[4]。

脚注

^ ウェブスターのadamantの項, 1828年・1913年版
^ 山本義隆『磁力と重力の発見 1 古代・中世』（みすず書房）pp.120–121
^ ジョン・ミルトン『失楽園』第6巻255および542行。グーテンベルク計画の文書参照。
^ ジョナサン・スウィフト. Gulliver's Travels/Part III/Chapter III. - ウィキソース. （訳: ガリヴァー旅行記/リンダリーノの叛乱. - ウィキソース. ）

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Look up adamant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Adamant and similar words are used to refer to any especially hard substance, whether composed of diamond, some other gemstone, or some type of metal. Both adamant and diamond derive from the Greek word αδαμαστος (adamastos), meaning "untameable". Adamantite and adamantium (a metallic name derived from the Neo-Latin ending -ium) are also common variants.

Adamantine has, throughout ancient history, referred to anything that was made of a very hard material. Virgil describes Tartarus as having a screeching gate protected by columns of solid adamantine (Aeneid book VI). Later, by the Middle Ages, the term came to refer to diamond, as it was the hardest material then known, and remains the hardest non-synthetic material known.

It was in the Middle Ages, too, that adamantine hardness and the lodestone's magnetic properties became confused and combined, leading to an alternate definition in which "adamant" means magnet, falsely derived from the Latin adamare, which means to love or be attached to.^[1] Another connection was the belief that adamant (the diamond definition) could block the effects of a magnet. This was addressed in chapter III of Pseudodoxia Epidemica, for instance.

Since the word diamond is now used for the hardest gemstone, the increasingly archaic term "adamant" has a mostly poetic or figurative use. In that capacity, the name is frequently used in popular media and fiction to refer to a very hard substance.

Adamant and Adamantine in mythology

In Greek Mythology, Kronos castrated his father Uranus using an adamant sickle given to him by his mother Gaia.^[2] An adamantine sickle or sword was also used by the hero Perseus to decapitate the Gorgon Medusa while she slept.
In the Greek Tragedy, Prometheus Bound translated by G. M. Cookson, Hephaestus is to bind Prometheus "to the jagged rocks in adamantine bonds infrangible."
In John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost adamant or adamantine is mentioned eight times. First in Book 1, Satan is hurled "to bottomless perdition, there to dwell in adamantine chains and penal fire"(lines 47-48). Three times in Book 2 the gates of hell are described as being made of adamantine (lines 436, 646 and 853). In Book 6, Satan "Came towring [sic], armd [sic] in Adamant and Gold" (line 110), his shield is described as "of tenfold adamant" (line 255), and the armor worn by the fallen angels is described as "adamantine" (line 542). Finally in book 10 the metaphorical "Pinns [sic] of Adamant and Chains" (lines 318-319) bind the world to Satan, and thus to sin and death^[3]
In some versions of the Alexander Romance, Alexander the Great builds walls of Adamantine, the Gates of Alexander, to keep the giants Gog and Magog from pillaging the peaceful southern lands.

In fiction and popular culture

Adamant

In John Donne's Holy Sonnet I he states in line 14, "And thou like adamant draw mine iron heart".
In the Medieval epic poem The Faerie Queene, Sir Artegal's sword is made of Adamant.
In William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Helena says to Demetrius, "You draw me, you hard-hearted adamant!".
In J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings it is said in the second verse of Bilbo's Song of Eärendil, regarding the appearance of Eärendil; "Of adamant his helmet tall". At the crowning of King Elessar, it is said that his crown "was adorned with jewels of adamant". Also, Nenya, one of the Three Rings of Power, was described as the Ring of Adamant, once again the Dark Tower Barad-dûr is described as being a tower of adamant crowned with iron.
In Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy, Lord Asriel constructs an "adamant" fortress.
In Mohandas K. Gandhi's autobiography, he reflects on the beauty of compromise in deciding not to fight for the right to wear a turban in the Supreme Court of South Africa. He states that "truth is hard as adamant and tender as a blossom".
In Princess Ida, by Gilbert and Sullivan, the hardnosed princess's castle is called Castle Adamant.
In Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, there is an obtainable item called the 'Adamant Orb' which raises the dragon and steel type attacks of Dialga. The item looks more like a diamond gemstone rather than metal.
In the MMORPG RuneScape, adamant is a green colored metal smelted from one part adamantite ore and six parts coal. It is the second strongest metal in the free version of the game and is the second strongest metal that can be forged and smithed by players in both the free and member version. Adamantite is an ore found in various mining locations in small quantities. Once an adamant bar is smelted, it can be smithed to make armor and weapons.
In Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (Part III), the base of the fictitious flying island of Laputa is made of Adamant.
In Kingdom Hearts, one of the shields you can equip to Goofy is called the "Adamant Shield".
In the role playing game Exalted, adamant is a rare magical material used in some artifacts. It is a diamond-like substance with electroconductive properties.
In the fantasy book series Fablehaven, Adamant is a very strong and light weight metal that has been magically enchanted.
In the novel The Book of the Dead by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child, Adamant is among various goods inside of an Egyptian tomb on display in the New York Museum of Natural History.
Team ADAMANT is a semi-professional team in the online first-person shooter Counter-Strike: Global Offensive by Valve.
In "The Mortal Instruments (novel)" by Cassandra Clare, the demon-hunting Nephilim use weapons made of Adamas, forged by the Iron Sisters in the Adamant Citadel. The material is tough, slightly transparent, whitish-blue, and glows with angelic power. It is also the material used to construct the Nephilim's home city and its demon warding towers.
In Final Fantasy adamant was an item found in Tiamat's flying castle that could be taken back to the dwarves in their mine and be used to forge Excalibur, the game's second strongest weapon.

Adamantine

In Mary Shelley's novella Mathilda, the author writes, "It required hands stronger than mine; stronger I do believe than any human force to break the thick, adamantine chain that has bound me".
In the 1950s movie Forbidden Planet, Edward Morbius refers to structures that the Krell Civilization created that were made of "adamantine steel."
Jack London's White Fang: Part IV: The Superior Gods: Chapter 6: The Love-Master contains the text "the fibre of him had become tough and knotty; when the warp and the woof of him had made of him an adamantine texture, harsh and unyielding;"
In Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Tom Sawyer's aunt's resolve becomes "adamantine in its firmness".
The short story "Creatures of the Light," by Sophie Wenzel Ellis, appearing in February 1930's Astounding Stories of Super Science, contains the sentence, "Yet, for all his experience with hero worshippers to put an adamantine crust on his sensibilities, he grew warm-eared under the gaze of these two strangers."
In the Dungeons & Dragons game universe, adamantine is an ultra-hard, expensive, rare metal found only in meteorites and veins in magical areas, used to fashion high-quality weapons and armor.
In Dwarf Fortress, a simulator game, adamantine is the rarest and most valuable mineral in existence. It can be used to forge the sharpest of weapons and strongest of armors. Unlike its common green in other accounts, adamantine in Dwarf Fortress is a very bright blue. It is nearly weightless, though this has caused improvements to the game's physics modelling to cripple adamantine warhammers and other blunt weaponry. Adamantine is also a trap for the proud. Dwarves following an adamantine vein will eventually dig too deep and breach "hell".
In the MMORPG Lineage II, adamantine is a rare material required to craft the highest grade weapons in the game, Icarus and Dynasty weapons.
Ratchet & Clank features armor made of Adamantine, a metal that was to be said "the hardest in the galaxy."
In the Tales of Symphonia game, the Eternal Ring that Dirk forges for Lloyd is made of Adamantine and sacred wood.
In Patapon 2, you can use Adamantine from your Altar or inventory. This material can be forged and is similar to mithril.
In Meredith Ann Pierce's Darkangel Trilogy, the blade Adamantine was forged by the Ancients and is the only weapon that can kill a darkangel.
In Naruto, adamantine is referred in name of techniques used by summoned character Monkey King Enma. Adamantine clearly mentioned for its hardness. In one technique Enma can transform into a stick which is hard as Adamantine.
In GemStone IV, adamantine is a very rare, very heavy, and extremely strong metal. A successful parry with an adamantine weapon has the potential to shatter the other weapon.

Other variants

In the travels of John Mandeville, he makes mention of a certain material upon which diamonds grow on his travels to India.
In the Games Workshop game universe of Warhammer 40,000, adamantium is a fairly common alloy used in Imperial weaponry and heavy armour.
In the Marvel Comics universe, adamantium is a metal alloy which, once forged (and allowed to cool, as heard in X-Men 2), is effectively indestructible. The metal is costly to produce and exceptionally rare. It is typically portrayed within Marvel comic books as used to create weaponry such as bullets used by various covert agencies, a triangular shield used by the vigilante known as Battlestar, and the outer skin of some of the robotic bodies of the android Ultron. It is most famously known for being bonded to the skeleton and bone claws of the X-Men character Wolverine.
Adiamante is an artificial material in the eponymous 1996 science fiction novel by L. E. Modesitt, Jr., used for the hulls of military spacecraft.
Final Fantasy also features armor made of adamantite on occasion. In the fifth installment specifically it is a material from 'another world' able to contain great amounts of energy.
In R. A. Salvatore's Dark Elf books (based on the Dungeons & Dragons universe), adamantite is the preferred material for drow weaponry.
In the MMORPG World of Warcraft, Adamantite is gathered from fairly uncommon veins in Outland, and used for productions of various weapons and armor, both uncommon, rare and epic.
In the MMORPG, Maplestory, adamantium ore can be obtained by killing various monsters and be made into a bar of adamantium to upgrade weapons and armours into stronger substitutes.
In the RPG expansion The Elder Scrolls III: Tribunal, adamantite is a usable substance that can be acquired, and forged (not by the player) into a protective armor.
In the Inuyasha dub the name Adamant Barrage is given to an attack that shoots diamonds at the opponent using the Tessaiga, the sword used by the title character. In the episode The Demon Protector of the Sacred Jewel Shard, a demon named Hosenki is covered in an armor made up of what is called adamantite. Kagome asks Myoga if he means diamond, but he does not know what she is talking about.
In the video game series Harvest Moon (series), an ore and item upgrade level is named 'Adamantite'. It is usually the highest-level upgrade.
In the game Terraria, adamantite is a red ore you find near the end of the game. It can be made into adamantite bars (at an adamantite forge), then into armor, drills, and other things.
In The Sims Medieval, adamantle is one of the metals that can be mined and forged by a Blacksmith.
In Square Enix's The World Ends With You, adamantite is in the form of a pin and can be obtained from various types of Noise. It is used as an exchange material, and like other materials, can only be traded in when it is mastered.

References

^ Webster's dictionary definition of adamant, 1828 and 1913 editions
^ Hesiod; Richard S. Calwell (1987). Hesiod's Theogony. Cambridge, Ma: Focus Information Group. pp. 37–38 at lines 161–181. ISBN 9780941051002. "Quick she [Gaia] made the element of grey adamant, made a great sickle..."
^ John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book one, two, six, and ten (1667). (see text from Project Gutenberg)

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English Journal

Symmetric adamantyl-diureas as soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors.

Burmistrov V1, Morisseau C2, Lee KS2, Shihadih DS2, Harris TR2, Butov GM1, Hammock BD3.Author information 1Department of Chemistry and General Chemical Technology, Volzhsky Polytechnic Institute (branch) Volgograd State Technical University, Volzhsky, Russia; Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia.2Department of Entomology and Nematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.3Department of Entomology and Nematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: bdhammock@ucdavis.edu.AbstractA series of inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) containing two urea groups has been developed. Inhibition potency of the described compounds ranges from 2.0μM to 0.4nM. 1,6-(Hexamethylene)bis[(adamant-1-yl)urea] (3b) was found to be a potent slow tight binding inhibitor (IC50=0.5nM) with a strong binding to sEH (Ki=3.1nM) and a moderately long residence time on the enzyme (koff=1.05×10-3s-1; t1/2=11min).
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2014 Mar 20. pii: S0960-894X(14)00232-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.016. [Epub ahead of print]
A series of inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) containing two urea groups has been developed. Inhibition potency of the described compounds ranges from 2.0μM to 0.4nM. 1,6-(Hexamethylene)bis[(adamant-1-yl)urea] (3b) was found to be a potent slow tight binding inhibitor (IC50=0.5nM) w
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A 34-year-old californian surfer with a right upper lung mass.

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Chest.Chest.2014 Mar 1;145(3 Suppl):101A. doi: 10.1378/chest.1765701.
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Animal abolitionism meets moral abolitionism : cutting the gordian knot of applied ethics.

Marks J.Author information University of New Haven, West Haven, USA, jmarks@newhaven.edu.AbstractThe use of other animals for human purposes is as contentious an issue as one is likely to find in ethics. And this is so not only because there are both passionate defenders and opponents of such use, but also because even among the latter there are adamant and diametric differences about the bases of their opposition. In both disputes, the approach taken tends to be that of applied ethics, by which a position on the issue is derived from a fundamental moral commitment. This commitment in turn depends on normative ethics, which investigates the various moral theories for the best fit to our moral intuitions. Thus it is that the use of animals in biomedical research is typically defended by appeal to a utilitarian theory, which legitimates harm to some for the greater good of others; while the opposition condemns that use either by appeal to the same theory, but disagreeing about the actual efficacy of animal experimentation, or by appeal to an alternative theory, such as the right of all sentient beings not to be exploited. Unfortunately, the normative issue seems likely never to be resolved, hence leaving the applied issue in limbo. The present essay seeks to circumvent this impasse by dispensing altogether with any moral claim or argument, thereby cutting the Gordian knot of animal ethics with a meta-ethical sword. The alternative schema defended is simply to advance relevant considerations, whereupon "there is nothing left but to feel." In a word, motivation replaces justification.
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Unusual tubulin-clustering ability of specifically c7-modified colchicine analogues.

Zefirova ON1, Lemcke H, Lantow M, Nurieva EV, Wobith B, Onishchenko GE, Hoenen A, Griffiths G, Zefirov NS, Kuznetsov SA.Author information 1M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation.AbstractHighly cytotoxic C7-modified colchicine analogues, exemplified by tubuloclustin, promote microtubule disassembly followed by the formation of very stable tubulin clusters, both in vitro and in cells. The proposed mechanism of action of tubuloclustin and its analogues, beyond that of colchicine, includes additional specific interactions with the α-tubulin subunit.
Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.Chembiochem.2013 Aug 19;14(12):1444-9. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201300143. Epub 2013 Jul 10.
Highly cytotoxic C7-modified colchicine analogues, exemplified by tubuloclustin, promote microtubule disassembly followed by the formation of very stable tubulin clusters, both in vitro and in cells. The proposed mechanism of action of tubuloclustin and its analogues, beyond that of colchicine, incl
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