acute bronchitis

急性気管支炎

WordNet

1. of critical importance and consequence; "an acute (or critical) lack of research funds"
2. having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions; "an acute observer of politics and politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative observations" (同)discriminating, incisive, keen, knifelike, penetrating, penetrative, piercing, sharp
3. extremely sharp or intense; "acute pain"; "felt acute annoyance"; "intense itching and burning" (同)intense
4. having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course; "acute appendicitis"; "the acute phase of the illness"; "acute patients"
5. of an angle; less than 90 degrees
6. inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (先の)『鋭い』,とがった / (痛み・感情などが)『激しい』,強い / (知力・感覚などが)『鋭い』,鋭敏な / (事態が)重大な / (病気が)急性の / (音が)高い,鋭い / 鋭角の
2. 気管支炎

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/03/03 16:56:18」(JST)

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Acute bronchitis
Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes. Figure B is an enlarged view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	pulmonology
ICD-10	J20-J21
ICD-9-CM	466
MedlinePlus	001087
eMedicine	article/297108
MeSH	D001991

Acute bronchitis, also known as a chest cold, is short-term inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) of the lungs. The most common symptom is a cough. Other symptoms include coughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, fever, and chest discomfort. The infection may last from a few to ten days. The cough may persist for several weeks afterwards with the total duration of symptoms usually around three weeks. Some have symptoms for up to six weeks.

In more than 90% of cases the cause is a viral infection. These viruses may be spread through the air when people cough or by direct contact. Risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and other air pollution. A small number of cases are due to high levels of air pollution or bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's signs and symptom. The color of the sputum does not indicate if the infection is viral or bacterial. Determining the underlying organism is typically not needed. Other causes of similar symptoms include asthma, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, and COPD. A chest X-ray may be useful to detect pneumonia.

Prevention is by not smoking and avoiding other lung irritants. Frequent hand washing may also be protective. Treatment of acute bronchitis typically involves rest, paracetamol (acetaminophen), and NSAIDs to help with the fever. Cough medicine has little support for its use and is not recommended in children less than six years of age. There is tentative evidence that salbutamol may be useful in those with wheezing; however, it may result in nervousness. Antibiotics should generally not be used. An exception is when acute bronchitis is due to pertussis. Tentative evidence supports honey and pelargonium to help with symptoms.

Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases. About 5% of adults are affected and about 6% of children have at least one episode a year. It occurs more often in the winter. More than 10 million people in the United States visit a doctor each year for this condition with approximately 70% receiving antibiotics, most of which are not needed. There are efforts to decrease the use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis.

Signs and symptoms

Bronchitis may be indicated by an expectorating cough, shortness of breath (dyspnea), and wheezing. On occasion, chest pains, fever, and fatigue or malaise may also occur. In addition, bronchitis caused by Adenoviridae may cause systemic and gastrointestinal symptoms as well. However, the coughs due to bronchitis can continue for up to three weeks or more even after all other symptoms have subsided.

Cause

Acute bronchitis can be caused by contagious pathogens, most commonly viruses. Typical viruses include respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza, and others. Bacteria are uncommon pathogens but may include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

• Damage caused by irritation of the airways leads to inflammation and leads to neutrophils infiltrating the lung tissue.
• Mucosal hypersecretion is promoted by a substance released by neutrophils.
• Further obstruction to the airways is caused by more goblet cells in the small airways. This is typical of chronic bronchitis.
• Although infection is not the reason or cause of chronic bronchitis, it is seen to aid in sustaining the bronchitis.

Diagnosis

Mild peri hilar cuffing as seen in viral bronchitis

A physical examination will often reveal decreased intensity of breath sounds, wheezing, rhonchi, and prolonged expiration. Most physicians rely on the presence of a persistent dry or wet cough as evidence of bronchitis.

A variety of tests may be performed in patients presenting with cough and shortness of breath:

• A chest X-ray is useful to exclude pneumonia which is more common in those with a fever, fast heart rate, fast respiratory rate, or who are old.
• A sputum sample showing neutrophil granulocytes (inflammatory white blood cells) and culture showing that has pathogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus species.
• A blood test would indicate inflammation (as indicated by a raised white blood cell count and elevated C-reactive protein).

Prevention

An oral whole cell nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae vaccine may protect against the disease.

Treatment

Most cases are self-limited and resolve themselves in a few weeks.

Antibiotics

Evidence does not support the general use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis. Acute bronchitis should not be treated with antibiotics unless microscopic examination of the sputum reveals large numbers of bacteria. While antibiotics speed up resolution of the cough by about 12 hours there is a greater risk of gastrointestinal problems and no change in longer term outcomes. Antibiotics use also leads to the promotion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which increase morbidity and mortality.

Smoking cessation

For more details on this topic, see Smoking cessation.

To help the bronchial tree heal faster and not make bronchitis worse, smokers should quit smoking completely.

Prognosis

Acute bronchitis usually lasts a few days or weeks. It may accompany or closely follow a cold or the flu, or may occur on its own. Bronchitis usually begins with a dry cough, including waking the sufferer at night. After a few days, it progresses to a wetter or productive cough, which may be accompanied by fever, fatigue, and headache. The fever, fatigue, and malaise may last only a few days; but the wet cough may last up to several weeks.

Should the cough last longer than a month, some physicians may issue a referral to an otorhinolaryngologist (ear, nose and throat doctor) to see if a condition other than bronchitis is causing the irritation. It is possible that having irritated bronchial tubes for as long as a few months may inspire asthmatic conditions in some patients.

In addition, if one starts coughing mucus tinged with blood, one should see a physician. In rare cases, physicians may conduct tests to see whether the cause of the bloody sputum is a serious condition such as tuberculosis or lung cancer.

Epidemiology

Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diseases. About 5% of adults are affected and about 6% of children have at least one episode a year. It occurs more often in the winter.

In infants under one year of age, acute bronchitis was the most common reason for admission to the hospital after an emergency department visit in the US in 2011.

References

External links

• Acute Bronchitis FamilyDoctor.org (American Academy of Family Physicians)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 成人における急性気管支炎 acute bronchitis in adults
• 2. 患者情報：急性気管支炎（簡易） acute bronchitis the basics
• 3. 患者教育：成人の急性気管支炎（詳細） acute bronchitis in adults beyond the basics
• 4. 小児における喘息以外の喘鳴疾患 wheezing illnesses other than asthma in children
• 5. 幼児に再発するウイルス誘発性喘鳴の治療 treatment of recurrent virus induced wheezing in young children

English Journal

• Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Gemifloxacin Administered as an Intravenous 200 mg Formulation or an Oral 320 mg Tablet.

• Kim MJ, Lim HS, Cho SH, Bae KS.Author information Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea.AbstractBACKGROUND: Gemifloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, which has potent activity against most Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. It is indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.
• Clinical drug investigation.Clin Drug Investig.2014 Mar;34(3):195-201. doi: 10.1007/s40261-013-0164-z.
• BACKGROUND: Gemifloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, which has potent activity against most Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. It is indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.OBJECTIVE: The aim o
• PMID 24385283

• [Infection due to Rothia mucilaginosa. A respiratory pathogen?]

• Ramos JM1, Mateo I2, Vidal I3, Rosillo EM4, Merino E5, Portilla J6.Author information 1Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España; Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de San Juan, Alicante, España. Electronic address: jramosrincon@yahoo.es.2Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.3Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.4Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.5Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.6Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España; Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de San Juan, Alicante, España; Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, España.AbstractINTRODUCTION: To describe the spectrum of infections caused by Rothia mucilaginosa.
• Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica.Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin.2014 Feb 14. pii: S0213-005X(14)00009-3. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.12.009. [Epub ahead of print]
• INTRODUCTION: To describe the spectrum of infections caused by Rothia mucilaginosa.METHODS: Retrospective study of 20cases diagnosed with R.mucilaginosa from 2009 to 2012.RESULTS: Pulmonary infection was the most frequent clinical presentation (n=14, 70%): bronchiectasis infected (10), followed by p
• PMID 24533971

• Management of plastic bronchitis with nebulized tissue plasminogen activator: another brick in the wall.

• Colaneri M, Quarti A, Pozzi M, Gasparini S, Carloni I, de Benedictis FM.AbstractPlastic bronchitis is a rare complication of a variety of respiratory diseases and congenital heart disease surgery, particularly Fontan procedure. Bronchial casts with rubber-like consistency develop acutely and may cause severe life-threatening respiratory distress. The management of plastic bronchitis is yet not well defined. Early intermittent, self-administered nebulization of tissue plasminogen activator was found to be effective in preventing deterioration of acute respiratory symptoms in a patient with primary ciliary dyskinesia and recurrent cast formation. Further investigation into new therapeutic strategies for this devastating disease is advocated.
• Italian journal of pediatrics.Ital J Pediatr.2014 Feb 13;40(1):18. [Epub ahead of print]
• Plastic bronchitis is a rare complication of a variety of respiratory diseases and congenital heart disease surgery, particularly Fontan procedure. Bronchial casts with rubber-like consistency develop acutely and may cause severe life-threatening respiratory distress. The management of plastic bronc
• PMID 24524376

Japanese Journal

• 急性気管支炎を契機に発症した気管支喘息として治療され診断が遅れた気管支結核の1例

• 昭和学士会雑誌 75(1), 104-109, 2015
• NAID 130005094502

• 決定木手法によるDPC分類の評価 : 肺炎の分析と考察

• バイオメディカル・ファジィ・システム学会誌 16(1), 7-13, 2014-04-25
• NAID 110009818156

• 関節リウマチに対するミゾリビン・ステップアップ療法

• 臨床リウマチ 26(4), 282-290, 2014
• NAID 130005067605

Related Links

• Bronchitis - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health

Bronchitis is a condition in which the bronchial tubes, the tubes that carry air to your lungs, become inflamed. ... Terms to know Acute Describes something that happens suddenly and for a short time. Opposite of chronic, or long ...

• Acute Bronchitis: MedlinePlus

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways that carry air to your lungs. Learn about acute bronchitis symptoms, causes, and treatment ... Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs.

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関連記事

「acute」

「acute」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (疾患)急性の、急性型の、急性的な。(形状が)鋭い、鋭角の。(感覚、才知などが)鋭い。明敏な、鋭い眼識のある。

関

acutely、quick、sharp