acarine

　

WordNet

1. mite or tick

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/24 21:07:37」(JST)

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For other uses, see Acari (disambiguation).

Acari Temporal range: Early Devonian–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Peacock mite (Tuckerella sp.), false-colour SEM, magnified 260×
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Subclass:	Acari Leach, 1817
Superorders
Acariformes Parasitiformes and see text

Acari (or Acarina) are a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks. The diversity of the Acari is extraordinary and its fossil history goes back to at least the early Devonian period. As a result, acarologists (the people who study mites and ticks) have proposed a complex set of taxonomic ranks to classify mites. In most modern treatments, the Acari is considered a subclass of Arachnida and is composed of two or three superorders or orders: Acariformes (or Actinotrichida), Parasitiformes (or Anactinotrichida), and Opilioacariformes; the latter is often considered a subgroup within the Parasitiformes. The monophyly of the Acari is open to debate, and the relationships of the acarines to other arachnids is not at all clear. In older treatments, the subgroups of the Acarina were placed at order rank, but as their own subdivisions have become better-understood, it is more usual to treat them at superorder rank.

Most acarines are minute to small (e.g., 0.08–1.00 millimetre or 0.003–0.039 inches), but the largest Acari (some ticks and red velvet mites) may reach lengths of 10–20 millimetres (0.4–0.8 in). Over 50,000 species have been described (as of 1999) and it is estimated that a million or more species may exist. The study of mites and ticks is called acarology (from Greek ἀκαρί/ἄκαρι, akari, a type of mite; and -λογία, -logia), and the leading scientific journals for acarology include Acarologia, Experimental and Applied Acarology and the International Journal of Acarology.

Morphology

Mites are arachnids and, as such, evolved from a segmented body with the segments organised into two tagmata: a prosoma (cephalothorax) and an opisthosoma (abdomen). However, only the faintest traces of primary segmentation remain in mites; the prosoma and opisthosoma are insensibly fused, and a region of flexible cuticle (the cirumcapitular furrow) separates the chelicerae and pedipalps from the rest of the body. This anterior body region is called the capitulum or gnathosoma and, according to some workers, is also found in Ricinulei. The remainder of the body is called the idiosoma and is unique to mites.

Most adult mites have four pairs of legs, like other arachnids, but some have fewer. For example, gall mites like Phyllocoptes variabilis (family Eriophyidae) have a worm-like body with only two pairs of legs; some parasitic mites have only one or three pairs of legs in the adult stage. Larval and prelarval stages have a maximum of three pairs of legs; adult mites with only three pairs of legs may be called 'larviform'.

The mouth parts of mites may be adapted for biting, stinging, sawing or sucking. They breathe through tracheae, stigmata (small openings of the skin), intestines and the skin itself. Species hunting for other mites have very acute senses, but many mites are eyeless. The central eyes of arachnids are always missing, or they are fused into a single eye. Thus, any eye number from none to five may occur.

Ontogeny

A soft-bodied tick of the family Argasidae, beside eggs it has just laid

Acarine ontogeny typically consists of an egg, a prelarval stage (often absent), a larval stage (hexapod except in Eriophyoidea which have only two pairs of legs), and a series of nymphal stages. Any or all of these stages except the adult may be suppressed or occur only within the body of a previous stage. Larvae (and prelarvae) have a maximum of three pairs of legs (legs are often reduced to stubs or absent in prelarvae); legs IV are added at the first nymphal stage. Usually, a maximum of three nymphal stages are present and they are referred to in sequence as the protonymph, deutonymph, and tritonymph; however, some soft ticks have supernumerary nymphal stages. The females of some Tarsonemidae bear sexually mature young. If one or more nymphal stages are absent, then authors may disagree on which stages are present. Only the Oribatida pass through all developmental stages.

Diversity and lifestyles

Acarines are extremely diverse. They live in practically every habitat, and include aquatic (freshwater and sea water) and terrestrial species. They outnumber other arthropods in the soil organic matter and detritus. Many are parasitic, and they affect both vertebrates and invertebrates. Most parasitic forms are external parasites, while the free living forms are generally predatory and may even be used to control undesirable arthropods. Others are detritivores that help to break down forest litter and dead organic matter, such as skin cells. Others still are plant feeders and may damage crops.

Economic importance

Damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the spider mites and their relatives (Tetranychoidea), earth mites (Penthaleidae), thread-footed mites (Tarsonemidae) and the gall and rust mites (Eriophyidae).

Some parasitic forms affect humans and other mammals, causing damage by their feeding, and can even be vectors of diseases, such as scrub typhus, rickettsialpox, Lyme disease, Q fever, Colorado tick fever, tularemia, tick-borne relapsing fever, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and tick-borne meningoencephalitis. A well known effect of mites on humans is their role as an allergen and the stimulation of asthma in people affected by respiratory disease.

The use of predatory mites (e.g., Phytoseiidae) in pest control and herbivorous mites that infest weeds are also of importance. An unquantified, but major positive contribution of the Acari is their normal functioning in ecosystems, especially their roles in the decomposer subsystem.

Chemical agents used to control ticks and mites include dusting sulfur and ivermectin.

Taxonomy

Rust mite, Aceria anthocoptes (size: 50 micrometres)

Male tick (size: 2 mm)

The phylogeny of the Acari is still disputed and several taxonomic schemes have been proposed for their classification. The third edition of the standard textbook A Manual of Acarology uses a system of six orders, grouped into two superorders:

• Superorder Parasitiformes – ticks and a variety of mites.
  • Opilioacarida – mites that superficially resemble harvestmen (Opiliones, hence their name)
  • Holothyrida
  • Ixodida – hard and soft ticks
  • Mesostigmata – bird mites, phytoseiid mites, Raubmilben
    • Sejoidea
    • Trigynaspida
    • Monogynaspida
• Superorder Acariformes – the most diverse group of mites.
  • Trombidiformes – plant parasitic mites (spider mites, peacock mites, gall mites, red-legged earth mites, etc.), snout mites, chiggers, hair follicle mites, velvet mites, water mites, etc.
    • Sphaerolichida
    • Prostigmata
  • Sarcoptiformes
    • Endeostigmata – basal sarcoptiform lineages
    • Oribatida – oribatid mites, beetle mites, armored mites (also cryptostigmata)
    • Astigmata – stored product, fur, feather, dust, and human itch mites, etc.

Recent genetic research has caused a change in the naming scheme, however, and recent publications have changed the Superorder Parasitiformes to an order.

References

Further reading

• Wojciech Niedbala (1992). Phthiracaroidea (Acari, Oribatida): Systematic Studies. Warsaw: PWN, Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-8-301-09740-0. 
• Experimental and Applied Acarology, ISSN: 1572-9702 (electronic) 0168-8162 (paper), Springer
• E. Baker (1952). An Introduction to Acarology. New York: The MacMillan Company. 
• T. Woolley (1988). Acarology: Mites and Human Welfare. New York: Wiley Interscience. ISBN 0-471-04168-8. 
• R. B. Halliday, D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (2001). Acarology, Proceedings of the 10th International Congress [5–10 July 1998]. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publ. pp. 960 pp. ISBN 0-643-06658-6. 
• D. E. Walter & H. C. Proctor (2001). Mites in soil, an interactive key to mites and other soil microarthropods. ABRS Identification Series. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. 
• Gerald W. Krantz & D. E. Walter, ed. (2009). A Manual of Acarology (3rd ed.). Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-620-8. 

External links

• David Evans Walter, Gerald Krantz & Evert Lindquist (December 13, 1996). "Acari. The Mites". Tree of Life Web Project. 
• Heather Proctor (August 9, 1998). "Acariformes. The "mite-like" mites". Tree of Life Web Project. 
• David Evans Walter (December 13, 1996). "Parasitiformes. Holothyrans, ticks and mesostigmatic mites". Tree of Life Web Project. 
• Mark Harvey & Heather Proctor. "Key to Families and Subfamilies of Water Mites (Hydracarina) in Australia". 
• David Evans Walter (September 15, 2006). "Invasive Mite Identification". Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO & USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, NC. 
• Non-invasive 3D-visualization with sub-micron resolution using synchrotron-X-ray-tomography
• A nice website (www.Acari.be) introduces the Acari world in all its amazing variety

English Journal

• Genomic organization and reproductive regulation of a large lipid transfer protein in the varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman).

• Cabrera AR, Shirk PD, Duehl AJ, Donohue KV, Grozinger CM, Evans JD, Teal PE.Author information CMAVE, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, USA.AbstractThe complete genomic region and corresponding transcript of the most abundant protein in phoretic varroa mites, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman), were sequenced and have homology with acarine hemelipoglycoproteins and the large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) super family. The genomic sequence of VdLLTP included 14 introns and the mature transcript coded for a predicted polypeptide of 1575 amino acid residues. VdLLTP shared a minimum of 25% sequence identity with acarine LLTPs. Phylogenetic assessment showed VdLLTP was most closely related to Metaseiulus occidentalis vitellogenin and LLTP proteins of ticks; however, no heme binding by VdLLTP was detected. Analysis of lipids associated with VdLLTP showed that it was a carrier for free and esterified C12 -C22 fatty acids from triglycerides, diacylglycerides and monoacylglycerides. Additionally, cholesterol and β-sitosterol were found as cholesterol esters linked to common fatty acids. Transcript levels of VdLLTP were 42 and 310 times higher in phoretic female mites when compared with males and quiescent deutonymphs, respectively. Coincident with initiation of the reproductive phase, VdLLTP transcript levels declined to a third of those in phoretic female mites. VdLLTP functions as an important lipid transporter and should provide a significant RNA interference target for assessing the control of varroa mites.
• Insect molecular biology.Insect Mol Biol.2013 Oct;22(5):505-22. doi: 10.1111/imb.12040. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
• The complete genomic region and corresponding transcript of the most abundant protein in phoretic varroa mites, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman), were sequenced and have homology with acarine hemelipoglycoproteins and the large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) super family. The genomic sequen
• PMID 23834736

• Variable induction of vitellogenin genes in the varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman), by the honeybee, Apis mellifera L, host and its environment.

• Cabrera Cordon AR, Shirk PD, Duehl AJ, Evans JD, Teal PE.Author information USDA-ARS CMAVE, Gainesville, FL, USA.AbstractTranscript levels of vitellogenins (Vgs) in the varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman), were variably induced by interactions between the developing honeybee, Apis mellifera L, as a food source and the capped honeybee cell environment. Transcripts for two Vgs of varroa mites were sequenced and putative Vg protein products characterized. Sequence analysis of VdVg1 and VdVg2 proteins showed that each had greater similarity with Vg1 and Vg2 proteins from ticks, respectively, than between themselves and were grouped separately by phylogenetic analyses. This suggests there was a duplication of the ancestral acarine Vg gene prior to the divergence of the mites and ticks. Low levels of transcript were detected in immature mites, males and phoretic females. Following cell invasion by phoretic females, VdVg1 and VdVg2 transcript levels were up-regulated after cell capping to a maximum at the time of partial cocoon formation by the honeybee. During oviposition the two transcripts were differentially expressed with higher levels of VdVg2 being observed. A bioassay based on assessing the transcript levels was established. Increases in VdVg1 and VdVg2 transcripts were induced experimentally in phoretic females when they were placed inside a cell containing an early metamorphosing last instar bee but not when exposed to the metamorphosing bee alone. The variable response of Vg expression to the food source as well as environmental cues within the capped cell demonstrates that perturbation of host-parasite interactions may provide avenues to disrupt the reproductive cycle of the varroa mites and prevent varroasis.
• Insect molecular biology.Insect Mol Biol.2013 Feb;22(1):88-103. doi: 10.1111/imb.12006.
• Transcript levels of vitellogenins (Vgs) in the varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman), were variably induced by interactions between the developing honeybee, Apis mellifera L, as a food source and the capped honeybee cell environment. Transcripts for two Vgs of varroa mites were se
• PMID 23331492

• A survey of acarine ectoparasites of bats (Chiroptera) in Malaysia.

• Ahamad M, Ibrahim H, Bujang MK, Sah SA, Mohamad N, Nor SM, Ahmad AH, Ho TM.Author information Acarology Unit, Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. mariana@imr.gov.myAbstractA comprehensive 8-yr survey of acarine ectoparasites (ticks and mites) of bats was carried out in 18 localities from 2002 to 2009. Most of the surveys were conducted during 14 national biodiversity scientific expeditions throughout Malaysia. The objective was to identify acarines of known public health importance from bats and thus determine whether there is any potential public health risk in Malaysia. Trapping of bats was conducted using Harp traps and Mist nets. In total, 1,579 individuals comprising of 6 families and 52 species of bats were examined alive. In general, 25.6% of the bats were infested with acarines. Infestation rates of ticks, mesostigmatid mites, and chiggers on bats examined were 0.4, 10.4, and 14.7%, respectively. Their prevalence and mean intensity were tabulated. Genera of ticks extracted were Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Ixodes, and Ornithodoros. Of these genera, only two species can be identified to species level and they are Amblyomma cordiferum and Ixodes simplex. In total, 8 genera and 15 species of mesostigmatid mites were found; the species were Ancystropus eonycteris, Ancystropus zeleborii, Echinonysus nasutus, Laelaps aingworthae, Laelaps nuttalli, Laelaps sanguisugus, Laelaps sculpturatus, Longolaelaps longulus, Longolaelaps whartonii, Meristaspis lateralis, Meristaspis macroglossi, Paraperiglischrus rhinolophinus, Spinturnix acuminatus, Spinturnix americanus, and Spinturnix bakeri. Chiggers on bats were represented by 12 genera and 6 species; the species identified were Gahrliepia fletcheri, Riedlinia lipoxena, Trombigastia cadei, Walchiella impar, Walchiella oudemansi, and Whartonia caobangensis. The study produced an up-to-date list of acarine ectoparasites of bats in Malaysia where a total of 38 genera and 47 species of acarines were listed. Findings of the study demonstrated that 5 genera and 1 species of acarines that may pose potential health risks, can be found on bats.
• Journal of medical entomology.J Med Entomol.2013 Jan;50(1):140-6.
• A comprehensive 8-yr survey of acarine ectoparasites (ticks and mites) of bats was carried out in 18 localities from 2002 to 2009. Most of the surveys were conducted during 14 national biodiversity scientific expeditions throughout Malaysia. The objective was to identify acarines of known public hea
• PMID 23427663

Japanese Journal

• Seasonal cycles and persistence in an acarine predator-prey system on cassava in Africa

• Population Ecology 47(2), 107-117, 2005-08
• NAID 40006818468

• Global persistence despite local extinction in acarine predator-prey systems : lessons from experimental and mathematical exercises

• Adv Ecol Res 37, 183-220, 2005
• NAID 30000024651

• 土壌ダニの鋏角の形態と機能

• 精密工学会学術講演会講演論文集 2005S(0), 717-717, 2005
• NAID 130004657837

Related Links

• Acarine Inc.

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• 『acarine 001』

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