vi.

慎む、(差し)控える、絶つ、やめる(from)

WordNet

refrain from voting
choose not to consume; "I abstain from alcohol" (同)refrain, desist
a person who refrains from drinking intoxicating beverages (同)abstinent, nondrinker
someone who practices self denial as a spiritual discipline (同)ascetic

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…を)控える,慎む《+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 棄権する
節制する人,(特に)禁酒する人

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/24 20:13:59」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Abstention is a term in election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote (on election day) or, in parliamentary procedure, is present during the vote, but does not cast a ballot.^[1] Abstention must be contrasted with "blank vote", in which a voter casts a ballot willfully made invalid by marking it wrongly or by not marking anything at all. A "blank (or white) voter" has voted, although his vote may be considered a spoilt vote, depending on each legislation, while an abstaining voter hasn't voted. Both forms (abstention and blank vote) may or may not, depending on the circumstances, be considered to be a protest vote (also known as a "blank vote" or "white vote").

An abstention may be used to indicate the voting individual's ambivalence about the measure, or mild disapproval that does not rise to the level of active opposition. Abstention can also be used when someone has a certain position about an issue, but since the popular sentiment supports the opposite, it might not be politically expedient to vote according to his or her conscience. A person may also abstain when they do not feel adequately informed about the issue at hand, or has not participated in relevant discussion. In parliamentary procedure, a member may be required to abstain in the case of a real or perceived conflict of interest.^[2]^[3]

Abstentions do not count in tallying the vote negatively or positively; when members abstain, they are in effect attending only to contribute to a quorum. White votes, however, may be counted in the total of votes, depending on the legislation.

Active abstention

An active abstention can occur where a voter votes in a way that balances out their vote as if they had never voted. This has occurred many times in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. During a division (a process where a yes/no vote occurs to agree or disagree to a motion), a Member of Parliament may actively abstain by voting both "yes" and "no". This is effectively the same as not voting at all, as the outcome will not be changed by the active abstention.^[4] However, in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, active abstention is not possible as a Lord voting both ways will be removed from the list of votes.^[5]

In another manner, an intentionally spoilt vote could be interpreted as an active abstention.^{[by whom?]} This is where a voter turns up to an election and invalidates the ballot paper in some way. Because of the nature of an abstention, only intentionally spoiled ballots could be counted as an active abstention.^{[citation needed]}

International and national procedures

Comparative results of Canadian federal election with or without abstention

In the United Nations Security Council, representatives of the five countries holding a veto power (the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia and China) sometimes abstain rather than vetoing a measure about which they are less than enthusiastic, particularly if the measure otherwise has broad support. By convention, their abstention does not block the measure, despite the wording of Article 27.3 of the United Nations Charter. If a majority of members of the United Nations General Assembly or one of its committees abstain on a measure, then the measure fails.

In the Council of the European Union, an abstention on a matter decided by unanimity has the effect of a yes vote; on matters decided by qualified majority it has an effect of a no vote.

In the United States House of Representatives and many other legislatures, members may vote "present" rather than for or against a bill or resolution, which has the effect of an abstention.

In the United States Senate, the Presiding Officer calls each Senator's name alphabetically, and, if abstaining, the Senator must give a reason for the abstention. Members may decline to vote, in committee or on the floor, on any matter which he or she believes would be a conflict of interest.^[6]

Abstention campaigns

There have been a number of instances around the world where popular movements have boycotted elections.

In South Africa, there is a strong presence of abstention campaigns that make the structural argument that no political party truly represents the poor. The "No Land! No House! No Vote!" Campaign which was started by the Landless Peoples Movement in 2004, is the largest of such campaigns.^[7]^[8] These campaigns have been met with significant repression.^[9]

In 1999, a human rights activist was convicted in Belarus for calling not to participate in the local elections he considered to be undemocratic. In 2004 the United Nations Human Rights Committee found the conviction to violate freedom of expression.^[10]

Other social movements and civil society organisations in other parts of the world also have similar campaigns or non-voting preferences. These include the Naxalites in India, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico and various anarchist and left communist oriented movements. In Mexico's mid term 2009 elections there was strong support for 'Nulo' - a campaign to vote for no one.^[11]^[12]^[13] In India, poor peoples movements in Singur, Nandigram and Lalgarh have rejected parliamentary politics (as well as the NGO and Maoist alternatives).^[14]

There have also been no vote campaigns in Canada^[15] and Spain.

In September 2011, the New York Times argued that there was a growing "scorn for voting" around the world.^[16]

Justification

In support for this non-political strategy, some non-voters claim that voting does not make any positive difference. "If voting changed anything, they’d make it illegal," is an oft-cited sentiment attributed to anarchist Emma Goldman.^[17]

In addition to strategic non-voters, there are also ethical non-voters, those who reject voting outright, not merely as an ineffective tactic for change, but moreover because they view the act as either a grant of consent to be governed by the state, a means of imposing illegitimate control over one's countrymen, or both. Thus, this view holds that through voting, one necessarily finds themselves violating the non-aggression principle. Herbert Spencer noted that whether a person votes for the winning candidate, votes for a losing candidate, or abstains from voting, he will be deemed to have consented to the rule of the winning candidate.^[18]

Criticisms

Murray Rothbard, while a libertarian himself, criticized the New Libertarian Manifesto's arguments that voting is immoral or undesirable:^[19]

“

Let's put it this way: Suppose we were slaves in the Old South, and that for some reason, each plantation had a system where the slaves were allowed to choose every four years between two alternative masters. Would it be evil, and sanctioning slavery, to participate in such a choice? Suppose one master was a monster who systematically tortured all the slaves, while the other one was kindly, enforced almost no work rules, freed one slave a year, or whatever. It would seem to me not only not aggression to vote for the kinder master but idiotic if we failed to do so. Of course, there might well be circumstances—say when both masters are similar—where the slaves would be better off not voting in order to make a visible protest—but this is a tactical not a moral consideration. Voting would not be evil but, in such a case, less effective than the protest.

But if it is morally licit and nonaggressive for slaves to vote for a choice of masters, in the same way it is licit for us to vote for what we believe the lesser of two or more evils, and still more beneficial to vote for an avowedly libertarian candidates.

”

Samuel Edward Konkin III responded:^[20]

“

Can you imagine slaves on a plantation sitting around voting for masters and spending their energy on campaigning and candidates when they could be heading for the “underground railway?” Surely they would choose the counter-economic alternative; surely Dr. Rothbard would urge them to do so and not be seduced into remaining on the plantation until the Abolitionist Slavemasters’ Party is elected.

”

References

^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 6)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association.
^ Hernandez, Raymond and Christopher Drew (2007-12-07). "It’s Not Just ‘Ayes’ and ‘Nays’: Obama’s Votes in Illinois Echo". New York Times.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 9)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association.
^ Voted both aye and no - from The Public Whip. Published 24 April 2012 and retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ Recording Abstentions by Lord Norton, from lordsoftheblog.net. Published 20 February 2011 and retrieved 4 May 2011.
^ "Voting Procedure". Rules of the United States Senate. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ "The 'No Land, No House, No Vote' campaign still on for 2009". Abahlali baseMjondolo. 5 May 2005.
^ "IndyMedia Presents: No Land! No House! No Vote!". Anti-Eviction Campaign. 2005-12-12.
^ ""No Vote" Campaigns are not a Rejection of Democracy". Mail and Guardian.
^ UN HRC views in case Svetik v. Belarus, CCPR/C/81/D/927/2000, 2004
^ 'New York Times' Disgruntled Mexicans Plan an Election Message to Politicians: We Prefer Nobody
^ Vota en Blanco
^ 'Representative Democracy versus Participatory Democracy' by Nancy Davis, Narco News, 21 June 2009
^ No revolution for old radicals, 'Times of India', 21 June 2009
^ "Why I Don't Endorse Voting in the May 2nd Elections", by Rowland Túpac Keshena, 2011
^ As Scorn for Vote Grows, Protests Surge Around Globe, NICHOLAS KULISH, 27 September 2011
^ Goldman's actual writings expressed a distinct sentiment: "There is no hope even that woman, with her right to vote, will ever purify politics." Goldman, Emma (1911), "The Tragedy of Women's Emancipation", Anarchism and Other Essays (Second revised ed.), Mother Earth Publishing Association, pp. 219–231
^ Spencer, Herbert (1851), The Right to Ignore the State
^ Rothbard, Murray (10 November 1980), Konkin on Libertarian Strategy
^ Samuel Edward Konkin III, Reply to Rothbard

External links

From the elections to the conscious abstention
The Voluntaryist – Non-voting
Non-voting archive – Strike-the-root
Non-voting archive – LewRockwell.com

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患およびアルコール性肝硬変の予後および治療 prognosis and management of alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis
2. ジカウイルス感染症：概要 zika virus infection an overview
3. 軟性下疳 chancroid
4. アルコール性肝炎のマネージメントおよび予後 management and prognosis of alcoholic hepatitis
5. アルコール摂取の利益とリスクの概要 overview of the risks and benefits of alcohol consumption

English Journal

Context-induced relapse to alcohol seeking after punishment in a rat model.

Marchant NJ, Khuc TN, Pickens CL, Bonci A, Shaham Y.SourceIntramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: Nathan.marchant@nih.gov.
Biological psychiatry.Biol Psychiatry.2013 Feb 1;73(3):256-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.007. Epub 2012 Aug 9.
BACKGROUND: Rat studies have demonstrated that exposure to environments associated with alcohol intake reinstates alcohol seeking after extinction of alcohol-reinforced responding in a different context. However, extinction is limited as an abstinence model, because humans typically abstain because
PMID 22883434

Effects of abstinence in adolescent tobacco smokers: withdrawal symptoms, urge, affect, and cue reactivity.

Bidwell LC, Leventhal AM, Tidey JW, Brazil L, Niaura RS, Colby SM.SourceCenter for Alcohol and Addiction Studies Brown University, Providence RI.
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.Nicotine Tob Res.2013 Feb;15(2):457-64. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts155. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate abstinence effects in adolescent daily smokers by examining the effects of experimentally manipulated acute smoking abstinence on measures including: (a) withdrawal symptoms, (b) reactive irritability, (c) smoking urges, (d) affect, and (e) respons
PMID 22949582

The relationship between alcohol and cognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury.

Ponsford J, Tweedly L, Taffe J.Sourcea School of Psychology and Psychiatry , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.2013 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]
The present study aimed to examine the association between frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sixty moderately to severely injured individuals had completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to measure p
PMID 23339581

Ichthyosis vulgaris - the filaggrin mutation disease.

Thyssen JP, Godoy-Gijon E, Elias PM.SourceDermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
The British journal of dermatology.Br J Dermatol.2013 Jan 10. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12219. [Epub ahead of print]
Ichthyosis vulgaris is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) and characterized clinically by xerosis, scaling, keratosis pilaris, palmar and plantar hyperlinearity, and a strong association with atopic disorders. According to published studies presented in this review arti
PMID 23301728

Japanese Journal

植民地朝鮮の「御真影」 : 初等教育機関の場合

樋浦郷子
日本の教育史学 : 教育史学会紀要 57, 84-96, 2014-10-01
… In other words, it is important to abstain from such an assumption when considering the realities of colonial school life. …
NAID 110009844781

Pulmonary aspiration during induction of anesthesiain a patient with a past history of esophagectomy

Sato Koji,Horiguchi Takashi,Nishikawa Toshiaki
蘇生 33(1), 10-12, 2014
… He was directed to abstain from food 16 hours and clear liquids 4 hours, respectively, before entering the operating room. …
NAID 130004561994

断酒と長期酸素療法にて肝機能と低酸素血症の改善を得た肝肺症候群を伴うアルコール性肝硬変の1症例

松本修一,滝澤直歩,児玉亘弘,松林直
肝臓 55(4), 235-239, 2014
症例は69歳，男性．4年前に他院でアルコール性肝硬変と診断された．今回は食道静脈瘤出血のため当院へ入院となった．以前より労作時の息切れや呼吸困難などの自覚症状の訴えはなかったものの入院時より低酸素血症を認めた．胸部CTで肺血管が抹消まで追跡可能であり，microbubbleを用いた造影心エコーで通常は認めない左心系にもbubbleを認めたことから，肝肺症候群による低酸素血症と診断した．酸素投与にて …
NAID 130004495339

アルコール性肝障害入院患者が断酒を決意し断酒を継続するプロセス

山田隆子,秋元典子
日本看護研究学会雑誌 = Journal of Japanese Society of Nursing Research 35(5), 25-34, 2012-12
… result, we observed, in the process for inpatients withalcoholic liver diseases to decide to stop and continue abstaining from drinking,[reviewing one's own addiction to alcohol] and [learning about the drawbacks of heavydrinking] strongly motivated the patients to [decide to abstain from drinking andreceive treatment], and the achievement of abstinence from drinking further motivatedthem to [decide to continue abstaining from drinking even after leaving the hospital]and actually do so.The results suggest the need for nurses to help the patients review …
NAID 120005311988

Related Pictures

Abstain Stock Photos & Abstain Stock Images - Alamy Abstain Vote. Stock Photo - Image: 34717970 2 Minute Bible Lessons - Looky Lamb Abstain Stock Images, Royalty-Free Images & Vectors | Shutterstock Daily Cute | In It For The Parking abstain - définition - What is ? Advanced Verbs – My English Images Abstain Meaning - YouTube

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「禁煙」「禁酒」「cessation of smoking」「絶つ」
拡張検索	「abstainer」

「禁煙」

　　[★]

英: smoking cessation, cessation of smoking, abstain
関: タバコ、喫煙、禁煙指導、TDS Tobacco Dependence Screener

禁煙治療の保健適応

参考1

1. 「禁煙治療のための標準手順書」に記載されているニコチン依存についてのスクリーニングテスト(TDS)の結果が5点以上で、ニコチン依存症と診断
2.ブリンクマン指数（1日の喫煙本数×喫煙年数）が200以上
3. 直ちに禁煙することを希望
4. 「禁煙治療のための標準手順書」に則った禁煙治療について説明を受け、その禁煙治療を受けることを文書により同意

参考

1. 禁煙治療の保険適用：禁煙サポートサイトで「いい禁煙」

http://www.e-kinen.jp/hospital/insurance.html

2. すすめよう禁煙

http://dl.med.or.jp/dl-med/nosmoke/susumeyou.pdf

国試

103F016

「禁酒」

　　[★]

英: abstain, abstinence
関: 禁煙、絶つ、アルコール性肝障害

「cessation of smoking」

　　[★]

禁煙

関: abstain、smoking cessation

「絶つ」

　　[★]

英: abstain
関: 禁煙、禁酒

「abstainer」

　　[★]

禁酒家、禁煙家

[1] "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 6)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association.

[2] Hernandez, Raymond and Christopher Drew (2007-12-07). "It’s Not Just ‘Ayes’ and ‘Nays’: Obama’s Votes in Illinois Echo". New York Times.

[3] "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 9)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association.

[4] Voted both aye and no - from The Public Whip. Published 24 April 2012 and retrieved 4 May 2012.

[5] Recording Abstentions by Lord Norton, from lordsoftheblog.net. Published 20 February 2011 and retrieved 4 May 2011.

[6] "Voting Procedure". Rules of the United States Senate. Retrieved 2011-07-25.

[7] "The 'No Land, No House, No Vote' campaign still on for 2009". Abahlali baseMjondolo. 5 May 2005.

[8] "IndyMedia Presents: No Land! No House! No Vote!". Anti-Eviction Campaign. 2005-12-12.

[9] ""No Vote" Campaigns are not a Rejection of Democracy". Mail and Guardian.

[10] UN HRC views in case Svetik v. Belarus, CCPR/C/81/D/927/2000, 2004

[11] 'New York Times' Disgruntled Mexicans Plan an Election Message to Politicians: We Prefer Nobody

[12] Vota en Blanco

[13] 'Representative Democracy versus Participatory Democracy' by Nancy Davis, Narco News, 21 June 2009

[14] No revolution for old radicals, 'Times of India', 21 June 2009

[15] "Why I Don't Endorse Voting in the May 2nd Elections", by Rowland Túpac Keshena, 2011

[16] As Scorn for Vote Grows, Protests Surge Around Globe, NICHOLAS KULISH, 27 September 2011

[17] Goldman's actual writings expressed a distinct sentiment: "There is no hope even that woman, with her right to vote, will ever purify politics." Goldman, Emma (1911), "The Tragedy of Women's Emancipation", Anarchism and Other Essays (Second revised ed.), Mother Earth Publishing Association, pp. 219–231

[18] Spencer, Herbert (1851), The Right to Ignore the State

[19] Rothbard, Murray (10 November 1980), Konkin on Libertarian Strategy

[20] Samuel Edward Konkin III, Reply to Rothbard

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abstain