WordNet

to, toward, or in the west; "we moved west to Arizona"; "situated west of Boston"
the cardinal compass point that is a 270 degrees (同)due west, westward, W
the direction corresponding to the westward cardinal compass point
a location in the western part of a country, region, or city
situated in or facing or moving toward the west
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
English painter (born in America) who became the second president of the Royal Academy (1738-1820) (同)Benjamin West
United States film actress (1892-1980) (同)Mae_West
British writer (born in Ireland) (1892-1983) (同)Rebecca West, Dame Rebecca West, Cicily Isabel Fairfield
the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America (同)Occident
the region of the United States lying to the west of the Mississippi River (同)western United States
immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies (同)vaccinum
the worlds longest river (4150 miles); flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the worlds first great civilization (同)Nile River

PrepTutorEJDIC

《the west》『西』;(…の)西方,(…の)西部《+of+名》 / 《the West》『西洋』西欧,欧米 / 《the West》《米》西部地方 / 《the West》(共産圏に対して)西側[諸国],西側陣営 / 『西の』,西部の,西向きの;西からの / 『西へ』,西に;西方に
ビールス,ろ過性病原体
牛痘種,痘苗(牛痘を起こすビールスで,天然痘予防のために人体に接種される) / (伝染病の病原菌から作った)ワクチン
ナイル川(アフリカ東部ビクトリア湖に発し地中海に駐ぐ大河)

UpToDate Contents

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1. ウエストナイルウイルス感染の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of west nile virus infection

English Journal

A review of successful flavivirus vaccines and the problems with those flaviviruses for which vaccines are not yet available.

Ishikawa T1, Yamanaka A2, Konishi E3.Author information 1Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan. Electronic address: toishika@dokkyomed.ac.jp.2BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: knmya@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp.3BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Electronic address: ekon@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp.AbstractGenus flavivirus comprises many important human pathogens causing public health problems worldwide. Some flavivirus infections are characterized by a relatively high mortality rate and/or high sequelae rate in survivors. Because most flavivirus life cycles are maintained between arthropod vectors and amplifying/reservoir hosts in the absence of humans, eradication of flaviviruses might be extremely difficult. Flavivirus vaccine development is considered a reasonable method to prevent flavivirus infections. Some vaccines have been successfully developed, but others have not, regardless of much effort. This review article describes currently available flavivirus vaccines against yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis. In addition, the current status of dengue and West Nile virus vaccine development is reviewed and problems regarding their development are discussed.
Vaccine.Vaccine.2014 Mar 10;32(12):1326-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.040. Epub 2014 Jan 29.
Genus flavivirus comprises many important human pathogens causing public health problems worldwide. Some flavivirus infections are characterized by a relatively high mortality rate and/or high sequelae rate in survivors. Because most flavivirus life cycles are maintained between arthropod vectors an
PMID 24486372

Comprehensive mapping of a novel NS1 epitope conserved in flaviviruses within the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex.

Hua RH1, Liu LK2, Huo H2, Li YN2, Guo LP2, Wang XL2, Qin CF3, Bu ZG4.Author information 1State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, P. R. China. Electronic address: huaronghong@163.com.2State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.3State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.4State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, P. R. China. Electronic address: buzhigao@caas.cn.AbstractNonstructural protein-1 (NS1) of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an immunogenic protein that is a potential candidate for the development of vaccines and diagnostic reagents. NS1 is known to be more specific than the E protein in serological testing of flavivirus infections. However, NS1 exhibits cross-reactivity among flaviviruses even within the same genus and more so within a serocomplex. However, the cross-reactive epitopes on JEV NS1 are poorly characterized. The present study describes the full mapping of a linear B-cell epitope that is common and specific to the JEV serocomplex of Flaviviridae. We generated an NS1-specific monoclonal antibody that cross-reacts with the West Nile virus (WNV) NS1 protein by immunizing mice with recombinant JEV NS1. For epitope mapping, 51 partially overlapping peptides spanning the entire NS1 protein were expressed with a glutathione S-transferase (GST) tag and screened using monoclonal antibodies. Two linear epitope-containing peptides were identified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By sequentially removing amino acid residues from the carboxy and amino terminal of peptides, we successfully identified the smallest unit of the linear epitope required to react with the monoclonal antibody. The linear epitope was located in amino acids residues 227ETHTLW232. Furthermore, results of the sequence alignment revealed that the epitope was highly conserved among JEV strains. Notably, the epitope is highly conserved among viruses of the JEV serocomplex. Furthermore, the homologous regions on NS1 proteins from dengue viruses showed no cross-reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies. The epitope was recognized by antisera against the WNV but not against the dengue virus. This novel JEV serocomplex-specific linear B-cell epitope of NS1 would be helpful in the development of new vaccines and diagnostic assays.
Virus research.Virus Res.2014 Mar 10. pii: S0168-1702(14)00086-0. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.001. [Epub ahead of print]
Nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an immunogenic protein that is a potential candidate for the development of vaccines and diagnostic reagents. NS1 is known to be more specific than the E protein in serological testing of flavivirus infections. However, NS1 ex
PMID 24631788

Inhibition of dengue virus replication by a class of small molecule compounds that antagonize dopamine receptor 4 and downstream mitogen activated protein kinase signaling.

Smith JL1, Stein DA, Shum D, Fischer MA, Radu C, Bhinder B, Djaballah H, Nelson JA, Früh K, Hirsch AJ.Author information 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR.AbstractDengue viruses (DENV) are endemic pathogens of tropical and subtropical regions and cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral therapeutics approved for combating DENV-associated disease. In this paper, we describe a class of tricylic small molecule compounds-dihydrobenzothiepenes (DHBTs), identified through high throughput screening-with potent inhibitory activity against DENV serotype 2. SKI-417616, a highly active representative of this class, displayed activity against all four serotypes of DENV, as well as to a related flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV), and an alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV). This compound was characterized to determine its mechanism of antiviral activity. Investigation of the stage of the viral life cycle being affected revealed that an early event in the life cycle is inhibited. Due to similarity in structure of the DHBTs to known antagonists of the dopamine and serotonin receptors, we explored the role of two of these receptors, serotonin receptor 2A (5HTR2A) and the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4), in DENV infection. Antagonism of DRD4 and subsequent downstream phosphorylation of EGFR-related kinase (ERK) was found to negatively impact DENV infection, and blockade of signaling through this network was confirmed as the mechanism of anti-DENV activity for this class of compounds.
Journal of virology.J Virol.2014 Mar 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Dengue viruses (DENV) are endemic pathogens of tropical and subtropical regions and cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral therapeutics approved for combating DENV-associated disease. In this paper, we describe a class of tricylic small mol
PMID 24599995