Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/06/09 00:03:05」(JST)
パラダイム | 手続き型 |
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登場時期 | 1981年 |
開発者 |
佐々木哲哉,山本耕司 (キャリーラボ) |
影響を受けた言語 | BASIC |
プラットフォーム | MZ-80K/700及びMZ-80B/2000/2200シリーズを始めとした当時のZ80システム |
プログラミング言語
■カテゴリ / ■テンプレート
WICS(Integer Interpreter Compiler System)は、BASICライクなMZ-80K及びMZ-80B/2000シリーズで主要に使われていた、同時代のZ80システム用の整数型プログラミング言語。
WICSはBASIC[1]に似た表記方法を採用した、インタプリタ兼コンパイラ型高級言語である。処理速度とRAM領域が限られた8ビットパソコンで、容易に高速なアプリケーション、特にゲームを作成する目的で開発された。
工学社のI/O誌1981年9月号より連載記事の形で発表され、アセンブラ言語BASE-80[2]によるソースコードが公開された。後に発刊された「I/O別冊 WICS・BASEプログラム集」では、MZ-2000向けのインタプリタ(BASEアセンブラによる記述)・コンパイラ(WICSによる記述[3])の全ソースコードが掲載された(MZ-80B向けでは、I/O本誌連載時にコンパイラのみソースコード掲載)。
製品版は、カセットテープ2巻(インタプリタとランタイム、コンパイラ)でキャリーラボから販売された。
MZシリーズのアプリケーション作成ツールの主流の一つとなったが、他のプラットフォームの処理系は、キャリーラボからの発売のみか、発売されていないものさえあった。 例えば、NEC各機種(PC-6001、PC-8001、PC-8801)やMZシリーズ各機種用は販売されていたが、X1用は販売されておらず、キャリーラボ製のゲームで使用されているのみである。
また、WICS/BASEシステムのディスク版として、C-DOSがCarry labより販売されていたが、これはCP/M等と異なりシステム構成としてはF-DOSに近いものであった。 C-DOSも、販売されていたのはSHARP MZ-80B/MZ-2000とNEC PC-8801用のみであったが、PC-8801SR対応版もMZ-2500の3.5インチドライブ対応版も販売されなかった。 C-DOSは、X1、FM-7、PC-9801用等も開発されておりゲームに組み込まれているため、WICSはZ80の主要機種、C-DOSとBASEは当時の主要機種すべてに移植されていたようである。 後にC-DOS IIがPC-8801とX1turboで大成功したが、旧C-DOSはまったく違うものである。
WICSによるHello world
10 PRMODE 0 20 PRINT "HELLO, WORLD!" 30 END
BASIC言語から実数演算と文字列処理の機能を除き、代わりにメモリ操作やビット操作、画面表示関係などの命令が追加されている。
定数は16ビット範囲の10進整数または16進数、及び1文字分の8ビット文字コードのみが許可されている。変数は16ビットのみで、これら定数を代入できる(8ビット文字コードを変数に代入すると上位8ビットが0でパディングされ、変数を文字として出力する場合等では上位8ビットは捨てられる)。
配列は8ビット配列と16ビット配列とがあり、使用するメモリ領域先頭の実アドレスを変数に与えて、(C言語等でいう)ポインタのように用いる。配列を操作する標準のステートメントは、適切に使用しないとバッファオーバーランを起こす。
文字列は、特定のステートメント及び関数の引数としてのみ使用できる(文字列をポインタに型変換するような機能は提供されていない)。
BASICの基本的な構文の他、Pascal風のREPEAT - UNTIL文を備える。PRMODE文(同一の出力命令をディスプレイとプリンタとで切り替えるステートメント)で標準出力の概念が取り入れられており、上記のHello worldはPRMODE 1に変更するとプリンタに印字される。
また、BASICと異なりUSR(機械語プログラム呼出し)が関数[4]になっており、HLレジスタに引数を設定するだけでなく、HLレジスタの値を戻値として参照できる。
インタープリタでも発表当時に存在した他の処理系と比較してかなり高速な上、コンパイラを使えばさらに高速実行が期待できた。
インタープリタは、BASICと同等の操作で使用できる。標準のメモリマップではインタープリタが使用する変数・スタック領域が2304バイトしかなく、一定以上のプログラムを作成する際にはメモリ割り当て(ソース格納開始位置)を変更する必要がある。スタックサイズは512バイトで、変更できない(スタックサイズ変更を前提にしたソースプログラムは、インタプリタでテストできない)。
ソースプログラムのステートメントや関数からは、コンパイル時にほぼ1対1に対応する機械語が生成され、前後のステートメントにわたっての最適化はなされない。ランタイム呼出しやサブルーチン呼出しでは、HLレジスタやスタックを操作する機械語が多くで生成される。他の処理系と比較して高速であったために、コンパイラを複雑化させる最適化が試みられなかったとも考えられるが、この点において、WICSコンパイラは高級言語処理系というより、高機能なマクロアセンブラであったといえよう。なお、局所的にはJPとJRの最適化は行われたが、これはキャリーラボが既にBASE-80に実装している[5]。
コンパイラが生成した目的プログラムは、ディスプレイのリフレッシュレートとの同期を行わない。このため、BASICの感覚で画面出力ステートメントを記述すると、実行時に画面上にノイズが現れることがある。
ランタイムは、インタープリタ、コンパイラ、目的プログラムのいずれもが共通に使用する。2560バイト~4608バイトと小型であり、各種の標準ルーチンと、機械語モニタを含んでいるが、 MZ-80B/2000用等では、他に5376バイトのTSモニタを必要とする。
コンパイラが生成した目的プログラムは、ランタイムのみを使用する(インタープリタ本体は使用しない)。このため、インタープリタに上書きして目的プログラムを生成することにより、ランタイムと目的プログラムを併せた連続占有メモリを小さくできる。
BASICに似た文法構造のため、BASIC経験者にとっては修得が容易であった。
それまでMZ-80シリーズのゲーム開発で人気があった、ハドソン製のFORM(整数型Tiny FORTRAN)に代わり、ゲーム開発用言語として一定の人気を博した。前述のI/O及びその姉妹誌では、発表されるプログラムの作成ツールでは主流となった。
一つの仕様の言語が、インタープリタとコンパイラとに共通で適用できることにも魅力があった。処理系がコンパイラのみの場合、OSのない当時のPCでは、目的プログラムのテストランは失敗時にハードウエア・リセット以外の復旧方法がない。MZシリーズではカセットテープからの再読込が必要となる。この問題に対してWICSでは、コンパイル予定のプログラムを、比較的安全にインタープリタ上でテストランできる。
インタープリタの設計がテストランを意識している傍証として、VLISTコマンド(プログラム停止時の変数の値を列挙する)の存在を挙げることができる。
この項目は、コンピュータに関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています(PJ:コンピュータ/P:コンピュータ)。 |
Springfield/Decatur, Illinois | |
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Branding | ABC NewsChannel 20 ABC NewsChannel |
Slogan | More Local Coverage |
Channels | Digital: 42 (UHF) Virtual: 20 (PSIP) |
Subchannels | 20.1 ABC 20.2 ZUUS Country |
Affiliations | ABC (since 2005; also secondary from 1953-1958) |
Owner | Sinclair Broadcast Group (WICS Licensee, LLC) |
First air date | September 17, 1953; 60 years ago (1953-09-17) |
Call letters' meaning | We're Illinois' Capitol, Springfield |
Sister station(s) | WICD, WRSP/WCCU, WBUI, WYZZ-TV, WHOI |
Former channel number(s) | Analog: 20 (UHF, 1953–2009) |
Former affiliations | NBC (1953-2005) DuMont (secondary, 1953-1955) |
Transmitter power | 950 kW |
Height | 402.2 m |
Class | DT |
Facility ID | 25686 |
Transmitter coordinates | 39°48′15″N 89°27′40″W / 39.80417°N 89.46111°W / 39.80417; -89.46111 |
Licensing authority | FCC |
Public license information: | Profile CDBS |
Website | www.wics.com |
WICS is the ABC-affiliated television station for Springfield and Decatur, Illinois. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on UHF channel 42 (or virtual channel 20.1 via PSIP) from a transmitter, in unincorporated Sangamon County, south of Dawson and I-72/U.S. 36. Owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station operates Fox affiliates WRSP/WCCU and CW affiliate WBUI (both owned by GOCOM Media, LLC) through joint sales and shared services agreements. WICS has studios on East Cook Street in Springfield's Eastside section.
WICD in Champaign and Urbana operates as a semi-satellite. As such, that station simulcasts ABC network and syndicated programming as provided by WICS but airs separate commercials, legal identifications, and weekday newscasts (see below). Although WICD maintains its own studios on South Country Fair Drive in downtown Champaign, master control and some internal operations are based within WICS' facilities. Outside weekday newscasts, commercial insertion on WICD is controlled at the Springfield studios. WICS serves the western portion of the market (Springfield and Decatur) while WICD serves the eastern portion (Champaign, Urbana, and Danville).
WICS began operations on September 17, 1953 and was owned by Plains Television Partners of Springfield, which was a 50/50 joint venture of Transcontinental Properties and the H & E Balaban Corporation. It carried programming from all four networks of the era (NBC, CBS, ABC, and DuMont).[1] However, it was a primary NBC affiliate. Although the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had collapsed most of East Central Illinois into one giant television market, WICS took on a secondary CBS affiliation because its primary affiliate, WCIA in Champaign, only provided a marginal signal to Springfield. It also aired whatever ABC programs WTVP in Decatur (now WAND) had to turn down in order to air CBS shows not cleared by WCIA.
By 1958, WICS was an exclusive NBC affiliate. The station originally had facilities at the Leland Hotel on Capitol Street in Downtown Springfield. In 1964, it moved to its current studios on East Cook Street in East Springfield. The FCC considered making East Central Illinois an all-UHF market but dropped these plans under heavy lobbying from WCIA. However, WICS' signal was not nearly strong enough to reach the eastern portion of the area. At the time, UHF signals were not strong enough to cover large amounts of territory.
Accordingly in 1959, Plains Television signed-on WCHU in Champaign as a low-powered satellite of WICS. In 1960, it bought WDAN-TV (another low-powered station in Danville) and changed the calls to WICD. At the same time, WCHU began breaking off from the WICS signal to air some local programming for the eastern side of the market, which was simulcasted on WICD. In 1967, Plains Television merged WCHU and WICD into a new full-power station on UHF channel 15 under the WICD calls, but operating under the WCHU license.
Plains Television sold WICS to Guy Gannett Communications (no relation to the larger Gannett company) in 1986 but held onto WICD until 1994. The two stations operated as a regional network sharing most network and syndicated programming. This arrangement nearly brought down WICD, and for a time, it appeared the station would revert to a full-time satellite of WICS. Guy Gannett finally bought WICD in 1994. Sinclair purchased most of Guy Gannett's stations, including WICS and WICD, in 1999.
The company almost immediately turned around and announced it was selling the two (which count as one for regulatory purposes) plus KGAN in Cedar Rapids, Iowa to Sunrise Television. However, the FCC did not allow Sunrise to buy WICS/WICD due to Sunrise's ownership structure. Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst (HMTF), an investment firm controlled by then-Texas Rangers and Dallas Stars owner Tom Hicks, owned a large block of Sunrise stock. HMTF is majority stockholder of the LIN TV Corporation, then-owner of WAND. The FCC ruled HMTF held enough stock in Sunrise making an acquisition of WICS/WICD a duopoly between two of the four highest-rated stations in the market which is forbidden by FCC rules. As a result, Sinclair remains the owner of WICS/WICD and KGAN.
In 2005, the two stations swapped affiliations with WAND and became ABC affiliates as part of a larger national deal between LIN TV and NBC that also involved WDTN in Dayton, Ohio (who swapped affiliations with WICS/WICD's Dayton sister station WKEF the year before). WICS/WICD was to have switched to ABC at the beginning of the 2004–05 television season, but its affiliation agreement with NBC still had one year to go. On November 17, 2010, WICS became available to Dish Network customers in Terre Haute as the ABC affiliate since the market lacks an affiliate of its own. WICD's transmitter is near the border between Illinois and Indiana and WICD is carried on most cable systems on the Illinois side of the Terre Haute market. However, WICS is the only station up-linked by satellite providers due to contractual obligations. WICS will likely disappear from the Terre Haute local feed in the fall of 2011 after that city's Fox affiliate, WAWV-TV, rejoined ABC.
On December 31, 2012, Sinclair Broadcast Group closed on the purchase of the non-license assets of GOCOM's three television stations, WRSP/WCCU and sister station WBUI for approximately $25.6 million. Sinclair is providing sales and other non-programming services to the stations pursuant to shared services and joint sales agreements. Both WRSP/WCCU and WBUI will nominally continue to operate from separate facilities from WICS/WICD for the foreseeable future.
The station's digital channel is multiplexed:
Channel | Video | Aspect | PSIP Short Name | Programming[2] |
---|---|---|---|---|
20.1 | 720p | 16:9 | WICS-HD | Main WICS programming / ABC |
20.2 | 480i | 4:3 | WICS-SD | ZUUS Country |
WICS shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 20, on February 17, 2009, the original date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 42.[3] Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 20.
Syndicated programming on this outlet includes Entertainment Tonight, Judge Judy, Dr. Phil, and Live! with Kelly and Michael among others.
Even though WICS and WICD technically operate separate news departments, there is a considerable amount of resource sharing between the two outlets such as with video footage and personnel. This can particularly be the case when covering Decatur (which is located between each of the station's studios). WICS has a slightly larger news department that WICD because it has more personalities. Several on-air personnel at WICD perform "one-man-band" multimedia journalism duties such as shooting video, editing coverage, and producing. WICS provides coverage of the Illinois State Capitol for WICD while WICD shares coverage of sporting events from the University of Illinois Fighting Illini with WICS. At one point, WICD also operated a Vermilion County Bureau on North Washington Street in Danville (home to WDAN-AM 1490, WDNL-FM 102.1, and WRHK-FM 94.9).
Lately, WICS/WICD have been very competitive in the local news race after years of being a distant second behind longtime dominant WCIA. Beginning with the November 2006 Nielsen ratings period, the two actually briefly led with viewership in East-Central Illinois. This is because the station's ratings are combined by Nielsen Media Research and considers WICS and WICD to be a single station for counting purposes. The latter is identified as "WICS+" in ratings books and has continued battling WCIA for the top spot splitting the position over various time slots. Basically, WICD's existence benefits WICS even though the semi-satellite is technically combined with the primary station.
Along with several other Sinclair properties, WICS/WICD did not participate in the wider implementation of the company's now-defunct, controversial News Central format for their newscasts. This operations saw local news operations reduced at some stations and combined with national news coverage, weather forecasting, and sports headlines based out of Sinclair's headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland. WICS/WICD, however, did air "The Point" (a one-minute conservative political commentary) that was also controversial and a requirement of all Sinclair-owned stations with newscasts until the series was discontinued in December 2006.
On September 11, 2006, a news share agreement was established with WRSP/WCCU (then separately controlled). As a result, a nightly prime time newscast began airing on those two stations that is jointly produced by WICS/WICD. Known as NewsChannel at 9 on Fox Illinois, it airs for a half-hour from a modified set at WICS's Springfield studios featuring unique duratrans indicating the Fox-branded show. From the start, NewsChannel at 9 competed with a newscast already established in the time slot on then-UPN affiliate WCFN (produced by WCIA). Unlike the WRSP/WCCU show, WCFN's broadcast originated from WCIA's Champaign facilities but was targeted specifically at a Springfield audience. Although the WRSP/WCCU newscast features market wide coverage, including contributions from WICD reporters, there is a separate weather forecast segment for WRSP and WCCU that is seen weeknights.[4] WCFN's prime time broadcast would be eventually canceled by WCIA on September 28, 2009. On October 7, 2013, the weekday edition of NewsChannel at 9 was expanded to an hour.
Through another arrangement, WICS' weekday morning meteorologist provides WBUI with weather forecasts seen on-air (during its airing of The Daily Buzz) and online that are taped in advance. The segments are appropriately titled "C-More Weather" (owing to its CW affiliation). The effort on WRSP/WCCU was further expanded on January 20, 2014 when WICS began producing a two-hour weekday morning show for the Fox affiliates. Known as Good Day Illinois, the program can be seen from 7 until 9 and offers a local alternative to the national morning programs seen on the big three networks. It also competes with another two-hour local newscast seen at same time on MyNetworkTV affiliate WCIX (produced by WCIA).
On June 26, 2010, rival WAND became the first television station in East-Central Illinois to upgrade news production to high definition level. It would not be until December 2012 that local newscasts seen on WICS would be upgraded to HD. Included with the change was a new set at the Sprigfield studios and updated Sinclair corporate graphics. WICD's separate weekday newscasts at its Champaign headquarters were not included in the upgrade because that set lacks high definition cameras.[5]
On March 26, 2011, WICD ceased airing its own newscasts on weekends opting to simulcast those from WICS. These broadcasts are known as ABC NewsChannel and feature a common graphics package seen on WICS and WICD. Multimedia journalists based at WICD's Champaign studios still provide coverage of the eastern areas of the market. The change represented the second attempt at a joint market-wide product by WICS/WICD. At one point in time, there had been a newscast weeknights at 5 that was simulcasted on both outlets originating from Springfield.[6] On weekend evenings, the two stations also co-produce and simulcast a lifestyle/entertainment show called Illinois Central. Airing in a magazine-type format, the thirty minute program presents more in-depth feature stories from the entire area.
+ denotes WICD personnel
Anchors
Storm Team
Sports
Reporters
Multimedia Journalists
Notable former personnel
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