関: bilberry

WordNet

erect blueberry of western United States having solitary flowers and somewhat sour berries (同)thin-leaved bilberry, mountain blue berry, Viccinium membranaceum
erect European blueberry having solitary flowers and blue-black berries (同)whortleberry, whinberry, blaeberry, Viccinium myrtillus
blue-black berries similar to American blueberries (同)whortleberry, European blueberry
evergreen or deciduous berry-bearing shrubs of northern hemisphere: cranberries; blueberries (同)genus Vaccinium

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コケモモ(ヨーロッパ下部山岳地の低木) / その実

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/30 09:40:27」(JST)

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Vaccinium myrtillus is a species of shrub with edible fruit of blue color, commonly called "bilberry", "whortleberry" or "European blueberry".^[1] It has much in common with the American blueberry (Vaccinium cyanococcus). It is more precisely called Common Bilberry or Blue Whortleberry, to distinguish it from other Vaccinium relatives. Regional names include blaeberry, hurtleberry,^[2] Huckleberry, winberry^[3] and fraughan.^[3]

Range

The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on 2–3 mm long pedicels. The corolla is pink and shaped like an urn. The leaves are finely toothed and prominently veined on the lower surface.

Vaccinium myrtillus is found natively in Europe, northern Asia, Greenland, Western Canada, and the Western United States.^[4] It occurs in the wild on heathlands and acidic soils. Its berry has been long consumed in the Old World.^[5] It is one of the wild origins and predecessors of the North American blueberry.

Uses

Fruit

Vaccinium myrtillus has been used for nearly 1,000 years in traditional European medicine. Herbal supplements of V. myrtillus (bilberry) on the market are used for circulatory problems, as vision aids, and to treat diarrhea and other conditions.^[1]^[6]

In cooking, the bilberry fruit is commonly used for the same purposes as the American blueberry: pies, cakes, jams, muffins, cookies, sauces, syrups, juices, candies and so on.^[1]^[7] Since bilberries are more fragrant, and have more concentrated flavor and vitamins (like all more natural wild fruit varieties), they are especially well suited for making cough syrups and bilberry wine.^[8]

Leaf

In traditional medicine, Bilberry leaf is used for different conditions, including diabetes.^[1] The National Institutes of Health rates it as "possibly effective for problems with the retina of the eye in people with diabetes or high blood pressure".^[9]

Confusion between bilberries and American blueberries

Bilberries (shown here) and American blueberries are nearly identical, and used for the same purposes.

Since most people in the world refer to "blueberries", no matter if they mean the European blueberry Vaccinium myrtillus or the American blueberries, there is a lot of confusion about the two nearly identical fruit worldwide. One can distinguish bilberries or European blueberries from their American counterpart by the following differences: bilberries have dark red, strongly fragrant flesh and red juice that turns blue in basic environments, while American blueberries have white or translucent, mildly fragrant flesh; the bilberries on low bushes with the fruits growing individually, usually wild in woods of the Northern Hemisphere, but American blueberries grow on large bushes with the fruit in bunches; bilberries are generally wild plants while American blueberries can be cultivated. Cultivated American blueberries often come from hybrid cultivars, developed about 100 years ago by agricultural specialists, most prominently by Elizabeth Coleman White, to meet growing consumer demand, since they are bigger, the bushes grow taller, and are easier to harvest. Bilberry fruit will stain hands, teeth and tongue deep blue or purple while eating; it was used as a dye for food and clothes.^[10] American blueberries of section Cyanococcus have white flesh, thus are less staining.

Adding to the confusion is the fact there are also wild American varieties, sold in stores mainly in the USA and Canada. Those are uncommon outside of Northern America, where either American or the European blueberries are prevalent.

Even more confusion is due to the huckleberry name, which originates from English dialectal names 'hurtleberry' and 'whortleberry' for the bilberry.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d http://nccam.nih.gov/health/bilberry/ . accessed 8/30/2010
^ Vaccinium myrtillus L., GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, citing Wiersema, J. H. & B. León (1999), World economic plants: a standard reference, and Huxley, A., ed. (1992), The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening
^ ^a ^b Henley, Jon. Bilberries: the true taste of northern England, The Guardian, Monday 9 June 2008
^ http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VAMY2&mapType=nativity&photoID=vamy2_001_ahp.tif USDA . accessed 11.10.2010
^ The bilberry is an Old World equivalent of North American blueberry.
^ http://www.herbmed.org/herbs/Herb132.htm . accessed 8/30/2010
^ Bilberry wine recipe
^ The bilberry is an Old World equivalent of our North American blueberry.
^ Bilberry, MedlinePlus
^ Make Traditional Dyes - Bilberry Dye

Jepson Interchange Taxon Report - historical

External links

USDA Treatment - Vaccinium myrtillus
U.S. National Institute of Health: Bilberry webpage
Vaccinium myrtillus in Plantarium Database - A Photo Guide.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 漢方薬および栄養補助食品の概要 overview of herbal medicine and dietary supplements

English Journal

Bilberry ingestion improves disease activity in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis - An open pilot study.

Biedermann L, Mwinyi J, Scharl M, Frei P, Zeitz J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Vavricka SR, Fried M, Weber A, Humpf HU, Peschke S, Jetter A, Krammer G, Rogler G.SourceDivision of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Journal of Crohn's & colitis.J Crohns Colitis.2013 May 1;7(4):271-9. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.07.010. Epub 2012 Aug 9.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A significant fraction of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is not sufficiently controlled with conventional therapy or suffers from therapy related side effects. Anthocyanins, highly abundant in bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), were shown to have antioxidative and anti-inf
PMID 22883440

Effects of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in Combination with Lactic Acid Bacteria on Intestinal Oxidative Stress Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion in Mouse.

Jakesevic M, Xu J, Aaby K, Jeppsson B, Ahrné S, Molin G.SourceFood Hygiene, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.J Agric Food Chem.2013 Mar 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) results in oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue injuries. The present study investigates the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of a dietary supplement of bilberry, either alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum RESO56, L. plantarum H
PMID 23488931

An alpine treeline in a carbon dioxide-rich world: synthesis of a nine-year free-air carbon dioxide enrichment study.

Dawes MA, Hagedorn F, Handa IT, Streit K, Ekblad A, Rixen C, Körner C, Hättenschwiler S.SourceMountain Ecosystems, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research-SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland, melissa.dawes@slf.ch.
Oecologia.Oecologia.2013 Mar;171(3):623-37. doi: 10.1007/s00442-012-2576-5. Epub 2013 Jan 23.
We evaluated the impacts of elevated CO2 in a treeline ecosystem in the Swiss Alps in a 9-year free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) study. We present new data and synthesize plant and soil results from the entire experimental period. Light-saturated photosynthesis (A max) of ca. 35-year-old Larix decidua
PMID 23340765

Japanese Journal

Lonicera caerulea and Vaccinium myrtillus fruit polyphenols protect HaCaT keratinocytes against UVB-induced phototoxic stress and DNA damage

SVOBODOVA Alena,ZDARILOVA Adela,VOSTALOVA Jitka
Journal of dermatological science 56(3), 196-204, 2009-12-01
NAID 10027398890

ビルベリー配合食品中のアントシアニン類及びアントシアニジン類の分析

日向野太郎,岡本仁,植竹厚裕,明戸孝夫,袴塚高志
日本食品化学学会誌 16(2), 60-65, 2009-08-24
… In Europe, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus Linne) fruits extracts are used as herbal drugs, while they are categorized as foods in Japan. …
NAID 110007503386

ラットのパラコート誘発酸化ストレスに対するビルベリー(Vaccinium myrtillus L.)エキスの抑制効果

仲佐輝子,竹中良,岡田夕子,沖中靖
日本食品科学工学会誌 : Nippon shokuhin kagaku kogaku kaishi = Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology 53(1), 1-7, 2006-01-15
5週齢Wistar系雄ラットを用い，酸化ストレス誘発剤としてパラコートを与え，これにビルベリーを同時に投与して，その抗酸化作用について検討した．その結果，パラコート投与ラット（PQ群）において，明らかな体重減少および肺の肥大が観察された．また，肝臓および血漿中のトリアシルグリセロール量が減少した．それに対しビルベリーエキス投与（PQ＋B群）ではこれらの変化が緩和された．肝臓および血漿中のTBARS …
NAID 130000052326

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ビルベリー」
関連記事	「Vaccinium」

「ビルベリー」

Vaccinium myrtillus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ericaceae
Genus:	Vaccinium
Species:	V. myrtillus
Binomial name
	Vaccinium myrtillus; L.

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ラ: Vaccinium myrtillus
関: コケモモ

「Vaccinium」

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スノキ属、バクシニウム属、Vaccinium属　

[nihgov-1] ttp://nccam.nih.gov/health/bilberry/ . accessed 8/30/2010

[grin-2] Vaccinium myrtillus L., GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, citing Wiersema, J. H. & B. León (1999), World economic plants: a standard reference, and Huxley, A., ed. (1992), The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening

[henley-3] Henley, Jon. Bilberries: the true taste of northern England, The Guardian, Monday 9 June 2008

[4] ttp://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VAMY2&mapType=nativity&photoID=vamy2_001_ahp.tif USDA . accessed 11.10.2010

[5] The bilberry is an Old World equivalent of North American blueberry.

[6] ttp://www.herbmed.org/herbs/Herb132.htm . accessed 8/30/2010

[7] Bilberry wine recipe

[8] The bilberry is an Old World equivalent of our North American blueberry.

[9] Bilberry, MedlinePlus

[10] Make Traditional Dyes - Bilberry Dye

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案内

Vaccinium myrtillus