関: Tritonia diomedea

WordNet

strike heavily, especially with the fist or a bat; "He slugged me so hard that I passed out" (同)slog, swig
a counterfeit coin
a unit of mass equal to the mass that accelerates at 1 foot/sec/sec when acted upon by a force of 1 pound; approximately 14.5939 kilograms
any of various terrestrial gastropods having an elongated slimy body and no external shell
an amount of an alcoholic drink (usually liquor) that is poured or gulped; "he took a slug of hard liquor"
turbulent water with swells of considerable size; "heavy seas"
a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land
(Greek mythology) a sea god; son of Poseidon
the largest moon of Neptune

PrepTutorEJDIC

《米俗》弾丸,たま / (自動販売機などで不法に使われる)偽造硬貨
ナメクジ
…‘を'げんこつでぶんなぐる / (特に)こぶしでの強打
《通例the~》《しばしば複数形で単数扱い》『海』,海洋 / 〈C〉《固有名詞につけるときはS-》(部分的に陸地に囲まれた)海,…海 / (波の状態から見た)海面,湖面,水面;(海・湖などの)波;大波,高波 / 〈U〉《the ~》船乗り(水兵)の仕事,海上生活 / 《a ~》大量(の…),たくさん(の…)《+『of』+『名』》
トリトン(ギリシャ神話で半人半魚の海神)

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1. 硬膜外膿瘍 epidural abscess
2. 海洋のサンゴ、ウニ、魚類またはアカエイによる毒の注入 marine envenomations from corals sea urchins fish or stingrays
3. 小児および思春期における腰痛：原因の概要 back pain in children and adolescents overview of causes
4. オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、南西太平洋（オセアニア）への旅行者における健康被害の可能性 potential health hazards in travelers to australia new zealand and the southwestern pacific oceania
5. 小児における項部硬直の評価 evaluation of neck stiffness in children

English Journal

Parallel evolution of serotonergic neuromodulation underlies independent evolution of rhythmic motor behavior.

Lillvis JL1, Katz PS.Author information 1Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-5030, USA.AbstractNeuromodulation can dynamically alter neuronal and synaptic properties, thereby changing the behavioral output of a neural circuit. It is therefore conceivable that natural selection might act upon neuromodulation as a mechanism for sculpting the behavioral repertoire of a species. Here we report that the presence of neuromodulation is correlated with the production of a behavior that most likely evolved independently in two species: Tritonia diomedea and Pleurobranchaea californica (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudipleura). Individuals of both species exhibit escape swimming behaviors consisting of repeated dorsal-ventral whole-body flexions. The central pattern generator (CPG) circuits underlying these behaviors contain homologous identified neurons: DSI and C2 in Tritonia and As and A1 in Pleurobranchaea. Homologs of these neurons also can be found in Hermissenda crassicornis where they are named CPT and C2, respectively. However, members of this species do not exhibit an analogous swimming behavior. In Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea, but not in Hermissenda, the serotonergic DSI homologs modulated the strength of synapses made by C2 homologs. Furthermore, the serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide blocked this neuromodulation and the swimming behavior. Additionally, in Pleurobranchaea, the robustness of swimming correlated with the extent of the synaptic modulation. Finally, injection of serotonin induced the swimming behavior in Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea, but not in Hermissenda. This suggests that the analogous swimming behaviors of Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea share a common dependence on serotonergic neuromodulation. Thus, neuromodulation may provide a mechanism that enables species to acquire analogous behaviors independently using homologous neural circuit components.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2013 Feb 6;33(6):2709-17. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4196-12.2013.
Neuromodulation can dynamically alter neuronal and synaptic properties, thereby changing the behavioral output of a neural circuit. It is therefore conceivable that natural selection might act upon neuromodulation as a mechanism for sculpting the behavioral repertoire of a species. Here we report th
PMID 23392697

Axonal conduction block as a novel mechanism of prepulse inhibition.

Lee AH1, Megalou EV, Wang J, Frost WN.Author information 1Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA.AbstractIn prepulse inhibition (PPI), the startle response to a strong, unexpected stimulus is diminished if shortly preceded by the onset of a different stimulus. Because deficits in this inhibitory gating process are a hallmark feature of schizophrenia and certain other psychiatric disorders, the mechanisms underlying PPI are of significant interest. We previously used the invertebrate model system Tritonia diomedea to identify the first cellular mechanism for PPI--presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release from the afferent neurons (S-cells) mediating the startle response. Here, we report the involvement of a second, more powerful PPI mechanism in Tritonia: prepulse-elicited conduction block of action potentials traveling in the startle pathway caused by identified inhibitory interneurons activated by the prepulse. This example of axo-axonic conduction block--neurons in one pathway inhibiting the propagation of action potentials in another--represents a novel and potent mechanism of sensory gating in prepulse inhibition.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2012 Oct 31;32(44):15262-70. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0160-12.2012.
In prepulse inhibition (PPI), the startle response to a strong, unexpected stimulus is diminished if shortly preceded by the onset of a different stimulus. Because deficits in this inhibitory gating process are a hallmark feature of schizophrenia and certain other psychiatric disorders, the mechanis
PMID 23115164

Neurochemical and neuroanatomical identification of central pattern generator neuron homologues in Nudipleura molluscs.

Lillvis JL1, Gunaratne CA, Katz PS.Author information 1Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. lillvis@gsu.eduAbstractCertain invertebrate neurons can be identified by their behavioral functions. However, evolutionary divergence can cause some species to not display particular behaviors, thereby making it impossible to use physiological characteristics related to those behaviors for identifying homologous neurons across species. Therefore, to understand the neural basis of species-specific behavior, it is necessary to identify homologues using characteristics that are independent of physiology. In the Nudipleura mollusc Tritonia diomedea, Cerebral Neuron 2 (C2) was first described as being a member of the swim central pattern generator (CPG). Here we demonstrate that neurochemical markers, in conjunction with previously known neuroanatomical characteristics, allow C2 to be uniquely identified without the aid of electrophysiological measures. Specifically, C2 had three characteristics that, taken together, identified the neuron: 1) a white cell on the dorsal surface of the cerebral ganglion, 2) an axon that projected to the contralateral pedal ganglion and through the pedal commissure, and 3) immunoreactivity for the peptides FMRFamide and Small Cardioactive Peptide B. These same anatomical and neurochemical characteristics also uniquely identified the C2 homologue in Pleurobranchaea californica (called A1), which was previously identified by its analogous role in the Pleurobranchaea swim CPG. Furthermore, these characteristics were used to identify C2 homologues in Melibe leonina, Hermissenda crassicornis, and Flabellina iodinea, species that are phylogenetically closer to Tritonia than Pleurobranchaea, but do not display the same swimming behavior as Tritonia or Pleurobranchaea. These identifications will allow future studies comparing and contrasting the physiological properties of C2 across species that can and cannot produce the type of swimming behavior exhibited by Tritonia.
PloS one.PLoS One.2012;7(2):e31737. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031737. Epub 2012 Feb 20.
Certain invertebrate neurons can be identified by their behavioral functions. However, evolutionary divergence can cause some species to not display particular behaviors, thereby making it impossible to use physiological characteristics related to those behaviors for identifying homologous neurons a
PMID 22363716