関: Tripterygium

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/03/27 15:18:23」(JST)

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Tripterygium wilfordii, or lei gong teng (Mandarin) (Chinese:雷公藤, Japanese: raikōtō), sometimes called Thunder God Vine, is a vine used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of fever, chills, edema and carbuncle.

Tripterygium wilfordii recently has been investigated as a treatment for a variety of disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis, chronic nephritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polycystic kidney disease as well as several skin disorders. It is also under investigation for its apparent antifertility effects, which it is speculated, may provide a basis for a Male oral contraceptive.^[1]

Pharmacology

Triptolide, a diterpene triepoxide, is a major active component of extracts derived from Tripterygium wilfordii. Triptolide has multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, immune modulation, antiproliferative and ctyproapoptotic activity.,^[2]

Reduction of male fertility

The plant contains many active compounds, at least six of which have male anti-fertility effect (triptolide, tripdiolide, triptolidenol, tripchlorolide, 16-hydroxytriplide and a compound known as T7/19, whose structure is unpublished). The mechanism by which they affect fertility is not yet understood. What is known is that daily doses of these compounds reduce sperm counts and also severely affect the formation and maturation of sperm, causing them to be immotile.^{[citation needed]}

Scientific research into medical effects

Contraception

Certain extracts from Tripterygium wilfordii, as well as from Tripterygium hypoglaucum (now considered identical to T. regelii) and Tripterygium regelii, were discovered in the 1980s to have temporary antifertility effects, which has led to research on its potential as a contraceptive.

"Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., known as Leigongteng (Thunder God Vine) in traditional Chinese medicine, has attracted much attention for its applications in relieving autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and for treating cancer. Molecular analyses of the ITS and 5S rDNA sequences indicate that T. hypoglaucum and T. doianum are not distinct from T. wilfordii, while T. regelii should be recognized as a separate species. The results also demonstrate potential value of rDNA sequence data in forensic detection of adulterants derived from Celastrus angulatus in commercial samples of Leigongteng."^[3]^{[citation needed]}

Not enough is known about T. wilfordii to actually test it as a contraceptive. Research thus far has dealt with establishing the mechanism by which the plant affects fertility, and investigating toxicity and side effects. What has been learned is encouraging, however: in both animals and humans, low doses of various Tripterygium extracts^{[clarification needed]} can produce significantly lowered sperm density and motility indices without major side effects. When the treatment was ended in the various trials, all indices returned to normal within months.^{[citation needed]}

T. wilfordii could be an effective pharmaceutical alternative to contraceptives based on hormonal manipulation.

Kidney function

As of 2012^[update] The Nanjing University School of Medicine is conducting a clinical trial of Tripterygium wilfordii to determine its possible beneficial effects on kidney volume and kidney function for polycystic kidney disease (PKD) patients.^[4] It should report in late 2013.

Immunosuppression

A small molecule Triptolide derived from T. wilfordii has been shown to disrupt mitochondrial function in cells and is under investigation as an anti-tumor agent or to suppress auto-immune disorders.

Rheumatoid arthritis

The August 18th 2009 Edition of the Annals of Internal Medicine published results of a randomized trial in 121 patients showing Tripterygium wilfordii was more effective than sulfasalazine in treating rheumatoid arthritis,^[5]^[6]

In China Tripterygium wilfordii has an established history of use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The herb shows immunosuppressive, cartilage protective, and anti-inflammatory effects.,,^[7]^[8]

Pancreatic cancer

Two compounds, the diterpenoid epoxide triptolide and the quinone triterpene celastrol found in the plant may have potential as antitumor drugs.^[9]

Drugs derived from the plant also show potential for reduction and elimination of pancreatic tumors in mice. Clinical trials may soon begin for the development of a drug for use in humans.^[10]

Side effects

At medicinal doses, T. wilfordii extract does have significant side effects, including immunosuppression. However, this may not apply to contraceptive use. Many of the side effects are caused by the other active compounds found in the plant, and do not appear when a pure extraction of the anti-fertility agents^{[clarification needed]} is used. In addition, the dose required to lower fertility is significantly lower than the standard medicinal dose.^{[citation needed]}

In August 2011, the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) published a drug safety bulletin advising consumers not to use medicines containing Lei Gong Teng. This was due to concerns over potentially serious side effects.^{[citation needed]}

Baidu Baike cautions do not take internally; China State Food and Drug Administration issued a warning in April 2012 about this medicine, urging caution.^[11]

However, a recent review stated that although Tripterygium wilfordii has toxic potential, careful extraction gives an acceptable frequency of adverse reactions, which are largely related to the gastrointestinal tract and amenorrhea. The review found that T. wilfordii extract is useful remedy for postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis.^[12]

The Beijing TV series of China Medicine has shown people being treated successfully with the herb in a formula for rheumatoid arthritis. and outlined some practice to alleviate problems of using the herb. As often the case of TCM, formulations need to to be adjusted for individual's physiology for best result.

Footnotes

^ Zhen QS, Ye X, Wei ZJ (February 1995). "Recent progress in research on Tripterygium: a male antifertility plant". Contraception 51 (2): 121–9. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)00018-R. PMID 7750290.
^ Liu Q. (2011). "Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions". International Immunopharmacology (3): 377–383.
^ Law et al (2010), p. 21. Source undefined
^ Randomized Clinical Trial of Triptolide Woldifii for Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
^ Goldbach-Mansky et al. (2009). "Comparison of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Versus Sulfasalazine in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Trial". Ann Intern Med (4): 229–240.
^ Marks W.H., (2011). "Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. versus Sulfasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A well-designed clinical trial of a botanical demonstrating effectiveness.". Fitoterapia (1): 85–87. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.11.024.
^ Bao J., Dai S.-M. "A Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: mechanism, efficacy, and safety" Rheumatology International 2011 (1-7)
^ Moudgil K.D., Venkatesha S.H., Rajaiah R., Berman B.M. "Immunomodulation of autoimmune arthritis by herbal CAM" Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 2011 Article Number 986797
^ Liu Z, Ma L, Zhou GB. (2011). "The main anticancer bullets of the Chinese medicinal herb, thunder god vine.". Molecules (6): 5283–97.
^ Drug From Chinese ‘Thunder God Vine’ Slays Tumors in Mice. 17 Oct 2012
^ 中医・我が愛しの上海へ／理想の中医学・漢方を求めて-
^ Bao J., Dai S.-M., (September 2011). "A Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanism, efficacy, and safety.". Rheumatology International (9): 1123–1129. doi:10.1007/s00296-011-1841-y.

References

Downloadable PDF - "Molecular analyses of the Chinese herb Leigongteng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.)" (2010). Sue Ka-Yee Law et al. Phytochemistry 72 (2011) 21–26, Elsevier.[1]
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;599:139-46.
Journal of Andrology 1998; vol 19 no 4, pp 479–486.
Contraception 1995; vol 51, pp 121–129.
Contraception 1995; vol 51, pp 121–129.
Contraception 1986; vol 36 no 3, pp 335–345.
MHRA safety bulletin

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. リウマチ性疾患に対する補完・代替療法 complementary and alternative remedies for rheumatic disorders
2. スルファサラジンによる関節リウマチの治療 sulfasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
3. 患者情報：関節リウマチに対する補完療法（詳細） complementary and alternative therapies for rheumatoid arthritis beyond the basics

English Journal

Total alkaloids of Tripterygium hypoglaucum (levl.) Hutch inhibits tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo.

Jiang X1, Huang XC1, Ao L1, Liu WB1, Han F1, Cao J1, Zhang DY2, Huang CS2, Liu JY3.Author information 1Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China.2Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.3Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China. Electronic address: jinyiliutmmu@163.com.AbstractETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tripterygium hypoglaucum (levl.) Hutch (Celastraceae) (THH) root is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for treating autoimmune diseases and cancer. Alkaloid is one of the most bioactive components of THH extract. To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties of the total alkaloids of THH (THHta).
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2014 Jan 10;151(1):292-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.045. Epub 2013 Nov 7.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tripterygium hypoglaucum (levl.) Hutch (Celastraceae) (THH) root is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for treating autoimmune diseases and cancer. Alkaloid is one of the most bioactive components of THH extract. To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo an
PMID 24212079

Tripchlorolide improves age-associated cognitive deficits by reversing hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairment and NMDA receptor dysfunction in SAMP8 mice.

Lin N, Pan XD, Chen AQ, Zhu YG, Wu M, Zhang J, Chen XC.Author information Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China.AbstractDeficits in cognition and performance accompanying age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are closely associated with the impairment of synaptic plasticity. Here, using a mouse model of senescence-accelerated P8 (SAMP8), we reported the role of tripchlorolide (T4), an extract of the natural herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, in improving cognitive deficits and promoting the long-term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal slices via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated that chronic administration of T4 at low doses (0.25, 1.0, or 4.0 μg/kg per day, injected intraperitoneally for 75 days) significantly improved learning and memory function in aged SAMP8 mice, as indicated by a chain of behavioral tests including the Y-maze and Morris water maze. Additionally, T4 reversed the impaired LTP in hippocampal CA1 regions of SAMP8 mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, it upregulated the levels of phospho-NMDAR1, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), phospho-calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII), phospho-CREB and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. This indicates that T4 prevents the impairment of NMDAR-mediated synaptic plasticity-related signal molecules. At optimal doses, T4 did not show significant side-effects on blood counts, blood biochemical measures, or survival of the mice. This novel mechanism in reversing age-related synaptic dysfunction and NMDAR functional deficits suggests that T4 can halt the manifestation of a key early-stage event in AD. With the consideration of SAMP8 mice as a model to develop therapeutic interventions for AD, our findings provide new insight into the clinical application of tripchlorolide in AD treatment.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2014 Jan 1;258:8-18. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.010. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
Deficits in cognition and performance accompanying age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are closely associated with the impairment of synaptic plasticity. Here, using a mouse model of senescence-accelerated P8 (SAMP8), we reported the role of tripchlorolide (T4), a
PMID 24140565

Triptolide induces apoptosis in endometrial cancer via a p53‑independent mitochondrial pathway.

Wang XF, Zhao YB, Wu Q, Sun ZH, Li HJ.Author information Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China.AbstractTriptolide (TP), the primary active component purified from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (TWHF), has been shown to possess antitumor activity in several types of solid tumors. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect of TP in human endometrial cancer cells (HEC-1B) and elucidated its possible underlying mechanisms. HEC-1B cells were treated with various doses of TP (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 nM), and the cell viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometric analysis. Results indicated that TP inhibited the proliferation of HEC-1B cells in a dose- and time‑dependent manner. To further investigate its mechanisms, the levels of apoptosis and the changes in caspase-3/9 expression in HEC-1B cells by pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, were detected by CCK-8 and western blotting. The cytotoxic effects of TP were significantly inhibited by z-VAD‑fmk. At the molecular level, TP did not effectively activate the p53 signaling pathway, but upregulated caspase-3/9 and downregulated bcl-2 without changing the bax level. Our studies revealed that TP has an effect on the apoptotic ability of endometrial cancer cells via a p53-independent mitochondrial pathway, presenting a novel strategy to evade drug resistance in tumorigenesis. The ability of TP to be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for endometrial cancer should be considered.
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2014 Jan;9(1):39-44. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1783. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
Triptolide (TP), the primary active component purified from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (TWHF), has been shown to possess antitumor activity in several types of solid tumors. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect of TP in human endometr
PMID 24213358

Japanese Journal

Contrasting Dose-Effects of Multi-glycoside of Tripterygium wilfordii HOOK. f. on Glomerular Inflammation and Hepatic Damage in Two Types of Anti-Thy1.1 Glomerulonephritis

Wan Yi-Gang,Zhao Qing,Sun Wei [他],ZHANG Hui-Lan,LI Min,WEI Qing-Xue,WU Wei,YUE Li-Jun,WANG Qing
Journal of pharmacological sciences 118(4), 433-446, 2012-04-20
… Multi-glycoside, one of the extracted compounds from <I>Tripterygium wilfordii</I> …
NAID 10030571913

Meta-Analysis of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F in the Immunosuppressive Treatment of IgA Nephropathy

Chen Yi-Zhi,Gao Qing,Zhao Xue-Zhi,Chen Xiang-Mei,Zhang Feng,Chen Jing,Xu Cheng-Gang,Sun Lin-Lin,Mei Chang-Lin
Internal Medicine 49(19), 2049-2055, 2010
… Objective Numerous Chinese patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) have benefited from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) from two decades ago. …
NAID 130000413495

Involvement of Mitochondrial Pathway in Triptolide-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Normal Liver L-02 Cells(Pharmacology)

Yao Jincheng,Jiang Zhenzhou,Duan Weigang [他],HUANG Jingfeng,ZHANG Luyong,HU Ling,HE Ling,LI Fu,XIAO Yajie,SHU Bin,LIU Chunhui
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 31(4), 592-597, 2008-04-01
… Triptolide, a purified diterpenoid triepoxide compound derived from a traditional Chinese medicine, Tripterygium wilfordii HOOK, f (TWHf), has been used in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. …
NAID 110006680491

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ライコウトウ」
関連記事	「Tripterygium」

「ライコウトウ」

Tripterygium wilfordii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Celastrales
Family:	Celastraceae
Genus:	Tripterygium
Species:	T. wilfordii
Binomial name
	Tripterygium wilfordii; Hook.f.

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ラ: Tripterygium wilfordii
関: クロヅル属

「Tripterygium」

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クロヅル属、トリプテリギウム属、Tripterygium属

関: Tripterygium wilfordii

[1] Zhen QS, Ye X, Wei ZJ (February 1995). "Recent progress in research on Tripterygium: a male antifertility plant". Contraception 51 (2): 121–9. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)00018-R. PMID 7750290.

[Liu2011-2] Liu Q. (2011). "Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions". International Immunopharmacology (3): 377–383.

[3] Law et al (2010), p. 21. Source undefined

[4] Randomized Clinical Trial of Triptolide Woldifii for Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

[GM2009-5] Goldbach-Mansky et al. (2009). "Comparison of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Versus Sulfasalazine in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Trial". Ann Intern Med (4): 229–240.

[Marks2011-6] Marks W.H., (2011). "Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. versus Sulfasalazine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A well-designed clinical trial of a botanical demonstrating effectiveness.". Fitoterapia (1): 85–87. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.11.024.

[7] Bao J., Dai S.-M. "A Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: mechanism, efficacy, and safety" Rheumatology International 2011 (1-7)

[8] Moudgil K.D., Venkatesha S.H., Rajaiah R., Berman B.M. "Immunomodulation of autoimmune arthritis by herbal CAM" Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 2011 Article Number 986797

[Lui2011-9] Liu Z, Ma L, Zhou GB. (2011). "The main anticancer bullets of the Chinese medicinal herb, thunder god vine.". Molecules (6): 5283–97.

[10] Drug From Chinese ‘Thunder God Vine’ Slays Tumors in Mice. 17 Oct 2012

[11] 中医・我が愛しの上海へ／理想の中医学・漢方を求めて-

[Bao2011-12] Bao J., Dai S.-M., (September 2011). "A Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanism, efficacy, and safety.". Rheumatology International (9): 1123–1129. doi:10.1007/s00296-011-1841-y.

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Tripterygium wilfordii