関: Trichuris trichiura

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/11 01:57:14」(JST)

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Trichuris, often referred to as whipworms (which typically refers to T. trichiura only in medicine, and to any other species in veterinary medicine), is a genus of parasite worms from the roundworm family Trichuridae, which is a type of helminth. The name whipworm refers to the shape of the worm; they look like whips with wider "handles" at the posterior end. The name Trichocephalus is sometimes used for this genus.^[1]

Species

The genus Trichuris includes over 20 species which infect the large intestine of their host including:

Trichuris trichiura (sometimes Trichocephalus trichiuris) - causes trichuriasis in humans]
Trichuris campanula (cat whipworm)
Trichuris serrata (cat whipworm)
Trichuris suis (pig whipworm)
Trichuris muris (mouse whipworm)
Trichuris vulpis (dog whipworm)

A new species - as yet unnamed - has been identified in François’ leaf monkey(Trachypithecus francoisi).^[2]

Other species in this genus include Trichuris cynocephalus, Trichuris discolor, Trichuris laevitestis,Trichuris pardinasi, Trichuris navonae,Trichuris ovis, Trichuris rhinopithecus, Trichuris thrichomysi and Trichuris travassosi.

Trichurias is a soil-transmitted helminthias and belongs to the group of neglected tropical diseases, affecting about 604 million people globally.^[3]

Researchers are currently facing difficulties completely differentiating the numerous species under the Trichuris genus. When different whipworm species were discovered, the main factor used to differentiate species was the length of the spicule sheath. However, it was eventually discovered that many species had similar spicule sheath lengths.^[4] Therefore, researchers began to compare other morphologies, such as the structure or orientation surrounding female sex organs of species suspected to be similar but different.^[5] Relatively recently, studies have been conducted to differentiate similar Trichuris species based on mitochondrial DNA differences, a much more accurate method of distinction.^[6] However, there is currently a paucity of research devoted to encoding the DNA of each and every species. As a result, Trichuris species distinction is still largely based on morphological differences.

Life cycle

Currently, the general life cycle of the whipworm is not completely understood.^[7] However, all whipworm species have a similar general life cycle. Whipworm eggs are first ingested by the host. They eventually reach the duodenum of the small intestine, where the eggs ultimately hatch. The larva from these eggs travel into the large intestine’s cecum.^[8] For approximately four weeks, the whipworms feed on blood vessels located within the cecum. Eventually, the whipworms leave the cecum and begin to lay thousands of eggs. These unembryonated eggs are then released out of the host through feces. The process from egg ingestion to release takes approximately twelve weeks.^[9] The released eggs become embryonated in approximately nine to twenty-one days and are eventually ingested by another host.^[10]

Whipworm eggs have thick, lemon-shaped, light yellow shells. Located on opposite ends of the shells are plugs that protect the eggs in unfavorable conditions such as rugged dirt and the acidic environment of the small intestine.^[9] The actual egg is covered by a vitelline membrane.^[11] When the egg first exits the uterus of their mother, they are composed solely of yolk granules. Over a period of 72 hours, the egg undergoes mitotic division into two blastomeres that are separated by a transverse cleavage. Two additional cleavages occur within at least 96 hours so that the egg is now composed of four cells. Cellular division continues in this manner and the morula stage is reached within the next week. After a total of 21–22 days, the larva becomes fully developed and will not hatch until ingested by a host. The larva can be alive for a total of 6 months without the assistance of a host. The timeline of egg development can vary depending on the species.^[11]

In domestic animals

Whipworms develop when a dog swallows whipworm eggs, passed from an infected dog. Symptoms may include diarrhea, anemia, and dehydration. The dog whipworm (Trichuris vulpis) is commonly found in the U.S. It is hard to detect at times, because the numbers of eggs shed are low, and they are shed in waves. Centrifugation is the preferred method. There are several preventives available by prescription from a veterinarian to prevent dogs from getting whipworm.

The cat whipworm is a rare parasite. In Europe it is mostly represented by Trichuris campanula, and in North America it is more often Trichuris serrata more often. [4] [5] Whipworm eggs found in cats in North America must be differentiated from lungworms, and from mouse whipworm eggs that are just passing through.

Trichuris campanula can be found in cats throughout the United States, having a whip like shape, living in the large intestine and cecum of cats. T. campanula is closely related to T. vulpis which is a dog whipworm. They both come belong the Trichuris genus that are roundworms also known as whipworms. The cat gets infected with T. campanula by ingesting food or water that is contaminated with the whipworm eggs. Once the cat ingests the infected eggs, they hatch and the larvae mature as adults in the large intestine where they feed on the blood from the intestinal wall. The T. campanula lays eggs that are passed in the feces of the infected cat, remaining alive in soil for years. The infection can be found by examining the feces of the infected cat. Also, blood can be found in the feces that can help in diagnosing of the infected cat. For prevention, cats should visit the veterinarian to get worming, having the feces inspected. Pet owners should be more aware of what their pets consume, and pick up the cat feces to prevent future infections from occurring. Also, litter boxes need to be cleaned to remove any contaminated feces. Currently, there are no drugs to help infected cats remove all of the worms. The best way to avoid a cat being infected is by practicing good prevention techniques.^[12]

References

^ Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Jr, Robert (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 399. ISBN 9780073028279.
^ Liu GH, Gasser RB, Nejsum P, Wang Y, Chen Q, Song HQ, Zhu XQ (2013) Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence supports the existence of a new Trichuris species in the endangered François' leaf-monkey. PLoS One 8(6):e66249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066249
^ Fenwick, A (Mar 2012). "The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.". Public health. 126 (3): 233–6. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015. PMID 22325616.
^ Knight, Robert (1984). "Morphological Differences in Trichuris ovis Associated with Different Host Species". The Journal of Parasitology. 70 (5): 842–843. doi:10.2307/3281784.
^ Ketzis, Jennifer (2015). "Trichuris spp. infecting domestic cats on St. Kitts: identification based on size or vulvar structure?". SpringerPlus. 4 (115): 1–7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Liu, Guo-Hua; Wang, Yan; Xu, Min-Jun; Zhou, Dong-Hui; Ye, Yong-Gang; Li, Jia-Yuan; Song, Hui-Qun; Lin, Rui-Qing; Zhu, Xing-Quan (2012). "Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Whipworms Trichuris ovis and Trichuris discolor (Nematoda:Trichuridae)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 12 (2012): 1635–1641. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Olsen, Oliver (1974). Animal Parasites. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 497–502. ISBN 0486651266. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ Ransom, Brayton (1911). The Nematodes Parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of Cattle, Sheep, and Other Ruminants. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. pp. 111–117.
^ ^a ^b "The Biology of the Goat". GoatBiology.com. Karin Christensen. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ "Intestinal Parasites - Whipworms". CAPCVet.org. CAPC. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b Thapar, Gobind Singh; Singh, Suresh (1954). "Studies on the Life-History of Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) (Fam. trichuridae: Nematoda)". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Section B. 40 (3): 69–88. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Nash, Holly. "Whipworms (Trichuris serrata) in Cats". Veterinary Services Department. Retrieved 8 December 2011.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 蟯虫症および鞭虫症 enterobiasis pinworm and trichuriasis whipworm
2. 駆虫薬療法 anthelminthic therapies
3. 鉤虫感染 hookworm infection
4. 集団寄生虫駆除 population deworming
5. 小児における直腸脱の概要 overview of rectal prolapse in children

English Journal

Frequency of intestinal parasites in pet dogs from an urban area (Greater Oporto, northern Portugal).

Neves D1, Lobo L2, Simões PB3, Cardoso L4.Author information 1Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: diogoamaroneves@gmail.com.2Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Oporto, Portugal; Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal; CECA - Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.3Inno Laboratories - Serviços Especializados em Veterinária, Braga, Portugal.4Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Oporto, Portugal.AbstractThe present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs with no clinical signs (n=175; group H) and in dogs with gastrointestinal disease (n=193; group D) that were admitted to a veterinary hospital. In group H, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites (i.e. the presence of at least one species) was 20.6%. Cystoisospora canis was the most prevalent protozoon (8.0%) followed by Giardia spp. (7.4%); Toxocara canis (5.1%) was the most frequent helminth, followed by Trichuris vulpis (1.1%) and Toxascaris leonina (0.6%). Among group H, age≤6 months was found to be a risk factor for infection with C. canis and with at least one agent (odds ratio [OR]=3.4). In group D parasites were found in 33.7% of the dogs, with Giardia spp. (15.5%) being the most prevalent species, followed by C. canis (13.5%), T. canis (7.8%), T. vulpis (2.6%) and T. leonina (0.5%). In group D dogs, age≤6 months was a risk factor for infection with Giardia spp. (OR=3.2), with C. canis (OR=32.7) and with at least one agent (OR=7.2). This study reveals a remarkable number of dogs infected but with no clinical signs.
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2014 Mar 1;200(3-4):295-8. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.005. Epub 2013 Nov 16.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs with no clinical signs (n=175; group H) and in dogs with gastrointestinal disease (n=193; group D) that were admitted to a veterinary hospital. In group H, the overall prevalence of intestinal parasites
PMID 24433853

Current Status of Human Hookworm Infections, Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, Schistosomiasis Mekongi and Other Trematodiases in Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Laymanivong S, Hangvanthong B, Keokhamphavanh B, Phommasansak M, Phinmaland B, Sanpool O, Maleewong W, Intapan PM.Author information Laboratory Unit, Centre of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR; Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.AbstractSoil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, and schistosomiasis and other trematodiases often have a high prevalence in developing countries. Here, we present updated information on the prevalence of these parasites in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) in 2012, arising from the annual national helminthiasis survey. Fecal specimens were collected from 8,610 inhabitants of 12 provinces and one municipality (Bokeo, Houaphan, Luang Namtha, Luang Prabang, Oudomxay, and Phongsaly Provinces from northern Lao PDR; Bolikhamxay and Xieng Khouang Provinces and Vientiane Municipality from the central part of the country; and Attapeu, Champasak, Saravan, and Sekong Provinces from southern Lao PDR). The overall prevalence of three major STHs, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) were 11.6%, 8.5%, and 25.0%, respectively. Prevalence of Schistosoma mekongi infection was 0.1%, and of miscellaneous trematodiases (including opisthorchiasis) was 14.0%. Clearly, the nationwide parasite control project is still necessary to reduce morbidity caused by helminthic diseases.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.Am J Trop Med Hyg.2014 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, and schistosomiasis and other trematodiases often have a high prevalence in developing countries. Here, we present updated information on the prevalence of these parasites in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) in 2012, arising from the annual n
PMID 24515942

Current status of soil transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infection among children in two primary schools in North Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.

Mathewos B, Alemu A, Woldeyohannes D, Alemu A, Addis Z, Tiruneh M, Aimero M, Kassu A.AbstractBACKGROUND: School age children are one of the groups at high risk for intestinal parasitic infections especially in developing countries like Ethiopia as the supply of good quality drinking water and latrine coverage are poor. Though there are previous data on the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths (STHs) and Schistosoma mansoni infection among these high risk groups current status in the study area is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the current prevalence and associated risk factors of STHs and S. mansoni infections among school children.
BMC research notes.BMC Res Notes.2014 Feb 10;7(1):88. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: School age children are one of the groups at high risk for intestinal parasitic infections especially in developing countries like Ethiopia as the supply of good quality drinking water and latrine coverage are poor. Though there are previous data on the prevalence of soil transmitted hel
PMID 24512613

Japanese Journal

パラフィン包埋切片を用いた種特異的PCRによる子牛の出血性直腸炎におけるコクシジウムの遺伝子学的同定

是枝輝紀,野㞍麻里子,堂下さつき [他],松林誠,芝原友幸,岡野良一
日本獣医師会雑誌 68(5), 297-300, 2015
鹿児島県内の黒毛和種を飼養する1農場で，5カ月齢の子牛が下痢と脱水を呈して死亡したため，病性鑑定を実施した．剖検では空回腸と直腸粘膜の充出血，直腸粘膜に牛鞭虫の寄生を認めた．病理組織学的に直腸粘膜にコクシジウムの重度寄生による出血性腸炎を認めた．直腸病変部のパラフィン包埋切片から抽出したDNAを用いたPCR検査で，Eimeria (E.) bovisとE. zuerniiの特異遺伝子を認めた．また …
NAID 130005078180

Risk Factors and Spatial Distribution of Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Primary School Children in Mbita District, Western Kenya

Nagi Sachiyo,Chadeka Evans A.,Sunahara Toshihiko,Mutungi Faith,Justin Yombo K. Dan,Kaneko Satoshi,Ichinose Yoshio,Matsumoto Sohkichi,Njenga Sammy M.,Hashizume Masahiro,Shimada Masaaki,Hamano Shinjiro
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8(7), e2991, 2014-07-24
… The prevalence of hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were 6.1%, 5.2% and 2.3%, respectively. …
NAID 120005477035

豚鞭虫卵に汚染された堆肥による子豚の豚鞭虫症の発生事例 (日本獣医師会雑誌(日獣会誌)) -- (産業動物臨床・家畜衛生関連部門)

木本裕桓,中島亮太朗,大園正陽 [他]
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 67(4), 259-262, 2014-04
NAID 40020063942

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「鞭虫」「鞭虫属」「鞭虫類」「トリチュリス属」
拡張検索	「Trichuris属」

「鞭虫」

Trichuris
	Egg of Trichuris sp.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Nematoda
Class:	Adenophorea
Subclass:	Enoplia
Order:	Trichurida
Family:	Trichuridae
Genus:	Trichuris; Roederer, 1761
Species
	Several, see text

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英: whipworm、Trichuris、Trichuris trichiura
関: 鞭虫属、鞭虫類、Trichuris属、トリチュリス属
関: trichuriasis

「鞭虫属」

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ラ: Trichuris
関: 鞭虫類、鞭虫、Trichuris属、トリチュリス属

「鞭虫類」

　　[★]

ラ: Trichuris
関: 鞭虫属、鞭虫、Trichuris属、トリチュリス属

「トリチュリス属」

　　[★]

ラ: Trichuris
関: 鞭虫属、鞭虫類、鞭虫、Trichuris属

「Trichuris属」

　　[★]

ラ: Trichuris
関: 鞭虫属、鞭虫類、鞭虫、トリチュリス属

[1] Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, Jr, Robert (2009). Foundations of Parasitology (8th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 399. ISBN 9780073028279.

[Liu2013-2] Liu GH, Gasser RB, Nejsum P, Wang Y, Chen Q, Song HQ, Zhu XQ (2013) Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence supports the existence of a new Trichuris species in the endangered François' leaf-monkey. PLoS One 8(6):e66249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066249

[Fen2012-3] Fenwick, A (Mar 2012). "The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.". Public health. 126 (3): 233–6. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015. PMID 22325616.

[Knight-4] Knight, Robert (1984). "Morphological Differences in Trichuris ovis Associated with Different Host Species". The Journal of Parasitology. 70 (5): 842–843. doi:10.2307/3281784.

[5] Ketzis, Jennifer (2015). "Trichuris spp. infecting domestic cats on St. Kitts: identification based on size or vulvar structure?". SpringerPlus. 4 (115): 1–7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[Liu-6] Liu, Guo-Hua; Wang, Yan; Xu, Min-Jun; Zhou, Dong-Hui; Ye, Yong-Gang; Li, Jia-Yuan; Song, Hui-Qun; Lin, Rui-Qing; Zhu, Xing-Quan (2012). "Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Whipworms Trichuris ovis and Trichuris discolor (Nematoda:Trichuridae)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 12 (2012): 1635–1641. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[Olsen-7] Olsen, Oliver (1974). Animal Parasites. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 497–502. ISBN 0486651266. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

[Ransom-8] Ransom, Brayton (1911). The Nematodes Parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of Cattle, Sheep, and Other Ruminants. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. pp. 111–117.

[Goat_Biology-9] "The Biology of the Goat". GoatBiology.com. Karin Christensen. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

[CAPC-10] "Intestinal Parasites - Whipworms". CAPCVet.org. CAPC. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

[Thapar-11] Thapar, Gobind Singh; Singh, Suresh (1954). "Studies on the Life-History of Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) (Fam. trichuridae: Nematoda)". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Section B. 40 (3): 69–88. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[12] Nash, Holly. "Whipworms (Trichuris serrata) in Cats". Veterinary Services Department. Retrieved 8 December 2011.

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Trichuris