関: transfusion-transmitted virus、TT virus、TTV

WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
being one more than nine (同)10, x
the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system (同)10, X, tenner, decade

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ビールス,ろ過性病原体
〈C〉(数の)『10』,10の記号(10,Xなど) / 〈U〉10時,10分;10歳 / 〈U〉《複数扱い》10人,10個 / 〈C〉10(10人,10個)一組のもの / 〈C〉(カードケームの)10の札 / 『10の』,10人の,10個の / 《補語にのみ用いて》10歳の(で)
〈C〉(貴金属片を曲げて作った)首飾り,腕輪(古代ゴール人などが身に着けた) / 〈U〉(力学で)回転力,ねじりモーメント,トルク

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/25 07:52:17」(JST)

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TT virus (TTV) was the first member of the new family Anelloviridae to be discovered.

Initial discovery

TTV, for Transfusion Transmitted Virus or Torque teno virus was first reported in a Japanese patient in 1997 by the research scientist T. Nishizawa. The virus is extremely common, even in healthy individuals—as much as 100% prevalent in some countries, and in approximately 10% of blood donors in the UK and the US. Although it does not appear to cause symptoms of hepatitis on its own, it is often found in patients with liver disease.^[1] For the most part, TTV infection is believed to be asymptomatic.

History

Initially found in Japanese patients with hepatitis of unknown aetiology, TTV was detected in various populations without proven pathology, including blood donors. This new virus was initially discovered in 1997 by means of representational difference analysis (RDA) in the plasma of a Japanese patient (initials T.T.) with posttransfusion hepatitis. A sequence (N22) of 500 nucleotides (nt) was first characterized and further extended to about 3700 nt (TA278 clone).^[2] At that time, sequence analysis suggested that TTV was related to the Parvoviridae family. At the end of 1998, two independent studies demonstrated the presence of an additional GC-rich region of about 120 nt which lead to the discovery of the circular nature of the TTV genome (~3800 nt). This finding established the relationship of TTV with the Circoviridae family.^[3]

Viral spread

The large number of epidemiological studies permitted to clearly point out the global distribution of the virus (Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe, Oceania) in rural and urban populations. Despite that the link between TTV infection and a given pathology has not been shown, the hypothesis of a relation between viral load and the immune status of the host was suggested. Moreover, although initially suspected to be transmitted only by blood transfusion,^[4] the global dispersion of the virus in populations and its detection in various biologic samples (plasma, saliva, feces, etc...) suggest combined modes of diffusion, and in particular the spread by saliva droplets.^[5] Sexual transmission has also been proposed.^[6]

Related viruses have been found in chimpanzees, apes, African monkeys, tupaias, chickens, pigs, cows, sheep and dogs.^[7]

Vertical transmission has been reported in pigs.^[8]^[9]

Genome

TTV's genome is a circular single-stranded piece of DNA of a negative polarity, approximately 3.8 kb in length; it is a non-enveloped virus with a virion of about 40 nm in diameter. While bearing some similarity to members of the group Circoviridae, it lacks sequence homology with any known viruses, and it is believed to be the first known member of a new family of viruses. It is classified under the family Anelloviridae.

Its genome contains 2 large open reading frames, encoding 770 and 202 amino acids, as well as several smaller ORFs. The genomic region -154/-76 contains a critical promoter.

Isolates have been classified into five main clades numbered 1 to 5. TTV genogroup 3 also includes the 8 virus strains known as SENV-A to H.

Clinical

These viruses are not currently believed to cause disease in humans. Infection with these viruses tends to lead to lifelong viraemia and their possible association with disease remains under investigation. Higher than usual viral loads have been associated with severe idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, cancer and lupus.

Examination of faecal samples in 135 Brazilians with gastroenteritis showed evidence of the virus in 121 (91%).^[10] The presence of multiple genotypes was common.

The presence of this virus in acute lung injury and exacerbations of idiopathic lung fibrosis has been reported.^[11]

Increased viral loads in cases of congenital mannose-binding lectin deficiencies have been reported.^[12]

A possible case of aplastic anaemia with hepatitis has been reported.^[13]

One case of post transplant hepatitis has been reported.^[14]

Replication

Not much is known about TTV's replication, however based on animal circoviral studies, a double strand replication structure appears necessary. Some studies have described the presence of double strand TTV DNA in various tissues and organs suggesting an active replication in these localizations.^[15] These findings also minimize the hypothetic implication of TTV in hepatic disorders. No other data are at the present time available for TLMV (TTV-like Mini Virus; the strain infecting humans).

References

^ Biagini, P: "Human circoviruses.", pages 95-101. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004.
^ Nishizawa, T., Okamoto, H., Konishi, K., Yoshizawa, H., Miyakawa, Y., Mayumi, M., 1997. "A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology." Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241, 92–97.
^ Miyata, H., Tsunoda, H., Kazi, A., Yamada, A., Khan, M.A., Yeung, B.J., Murakami, J., Kamahora, T., Shiraki, K., Hino, S., 1999. Identification of a novel GC-rich 113-nucleotide region to complete the circular, single-stranded DNA genome of TT virus, the first human circovirus. J. Virol. 73, 3582–3586.
^ Biagini, P., Gallian, P., Cantaloube, J.F., De Micco, P., de Lamballerie, X., 1998. "Presence of TT virus in French blood donors and intravenous drug users." J. Hepatol. 29, 684–685.
^ Gallian, P., Biagini, P., Zhong, S., Louinssi, M., Yeo, W., Cantaloube, J.F., Attoui, H., de Micco, P., Johnson, P.J., de Lamballerie, X., 2000. "TT virus: a study of molecular epidemiology and transmission of genotypes 1, 2 and 3." J. Clin. Virol. 17, 43–49.
^ Zheng MY, Lin Y, Li DJ, Ruan HB, Chen Y, Wu TT (2010) TTV and HPV co-infection in cervical smears of patients with cervical lesions in littoral of Zhejiang province. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 24(2):110–112.
^ Hino S, Miyata H (2007) Torque teno virus (TTV): current status. Rev Med Virol.17(1):45–57
^ Martínez-Guinó L, Kekarainen T, Segalés J (2009) Evidence of Torque teno virus (TTV) vertical transmission in swine. Theriogenology 71(9):1390–1395
^ Pozzuto T, Mueller B, Meehan B, Ringler SS, McIntosh KA, Ellis JA, Mankertz A, Krakowka S (2009) In utero transmission of porcine torque teno viruses. Vet Microbiol. 137(3–4):375–379
^ Pinho-Nascimento CA, Leite JP, Niel C, Diniz-Mendes L (2011) Torque teno virus in fecal samples of patients with gastroenteritis: Prevalence, genogroups distribution, and viral load. J Med Virol 83(6):1107–11. doi:10.1002/jmv.22024.
^ Wootton SC, Kim DS, Kondoh Y, Chen E, Lee JS, Song JW, Huh JW, Taniguchi H, Chiu C, Boushey H, Lancaster LH, Wolters PJ, Derisi J, Ganem D, Collard HR (2011) Viral infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
^ Maggi F, Pifferi M, Michelucci A, Albani M, Sbranti S, Lanini L, Simi P, Macchia P, Pistello M, Bendinelli M (2011) Torque teno virus viremia load size in patients with selected congenital defects of innate immunity. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 18(4):692–694.
^ Ishimura M, Ohga S, Ichiyama M, Kusuhara K, Takada H, Hara T, Takahashi M, Okamoto H (2010) Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia during a primary infection of genotype 1a torque teno virus. Eur J Pediatr. 2010 Jul;169(7):899–902
^ Piaggio F, Dodi F, Bottino G, Andorno E, Gentile R, Ferrari C, Barabino G, Giannone A, Immordino G, Miggino M, Magoni Rossi A, Moraglia E, Gasloli G, Gelli M, Ferrante R, Morelli N, Casaccia M, Valente U (2009) Torque Teno Virus—cause of viral liver disease following liver transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc. 41(4):1378–1379
^ Okamoto, H., Nishizawa, T., Takahashi, M., Asabe, S., Tsuda, F., Yoshikawa, A., 2001a. "Heterogeneous distribution of tt virus of distinct genotypes in multiple tissues from infected humans." Virology 288, 358–368.

UpToDate Contents

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1. TTウイルスおよびその他のアネロウイルス tt virus and other anelloviruses
2. ウイルス誘発性の喘鳴および喘息：概要 virus induced wheezing and asthma an overview
3. 血液媒介病原体とスポーツ bloodborne pathogens and sports
4. 小児におけるB型肝炎ウイルス感染の概要 overview of hepatitis b virus infection in children
5. 小児におけるA型肝炎ウイルス感染の概要 overview of hepatitis a virus infection in children

English Journal

Viral metagenomics in drug-naïve, first-onset schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms.

Canuti M1, van Beveren NJ2, Jazaeri Farsani SM3, de Vries M1, Deijs M1, Jebbink MF1, Zaaijer HL4, van Schaik BD5, van Kampen AH5, van der Kuyl AC1, de Haan L6, Storosum JG6, van der Hoek L1.
Psychiatry research.Psychiatry Res.2015 Oct 30;229(3):678-84. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.025. Epub 2015 Aug 15.
Although several studies suggest a virus or (endogenous) retrovirus involvement at the time of onset of schizophrenia, the unequivocal identification of one or more infectious agents, by means of an undirected catch-all technique, has never been conducted. In this study VIDISCA, a virus discovery me
PMID 26304023

Full genome sequences of torque teno sus virus strains that coinfected a pig with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Japan: implications for genetic diversity.

Ozawa M1, Kawabata T, Okuya K, Nagano K, Kanda T, Kanazawa N, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Taneno A, Deguchi E.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2015 Sep 3. [Epub ahead of print]
We determined the complete genome sequences of torque teno sus viruses (TTSuVs) detected in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and in healthy pigs in Japan. Unexpectedly, we found coinfection of a PMWS-affected pig in Japan with one strain of TTSuV1, five strains of TTSuV2,
PMID 26335893

The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism is associated with prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Torque Teno virus, and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection among HIV-infected individuals.

Prasetyo AA1, Sariyatun R2, Reviono3, Sari Y4, Hudiyono5, Haryati S4, Adnan ZA6, Hartono7, Kageyama S8.
Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.J Clin Virol.2015 Sep;70:67-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.009. Epub 2015 Jul 8.
BACKGROUND: Data regarding the influence of the APOBEC3B deletion on infectious diseases remain limited and shown discrepancies.OBJECTIVES: To characterize the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism status and its association with prevalence of co-infection with blood-borne pathogens in Indonesian HIV-infec
PMID 26305823

Japanese Journal

Serum Torque Teno Virus DNA Titer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients with Acute Respiratory Worsening

Bando Masashi,Nakayama Masayuki,Takahashi Masaharu,Hosono Tatsuya,Mato Naoko,Yamasawa Hideaki,Okamoto Hiroaki,Sugiyama Yukihiko
Internal Medicine 54(9), 1015-1019, 2015
… Torque teno virus (TTV) is a circular single-stranded DNA virus whose pathological significance remains unclear. …
NAID 130005068335

Detection of Torque Teno Virus DNA in Exhaled Breath by Polymerase Chain Reaction

Chikasue Kumiko,Kimura Miyuki,Ikeda Kazuyuki,Ohnishi Takuma,Kawanishi Satoshi,Iio Tomoe,Kataoka Mikio,Arao Yujiro
Acta Medica Okayama 66(5), 387-397, 2012-10
… To determine whether exhaled breath contains Torque teno virus (TTV) or not, we tested exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples by semi-nested PCR assay. …
NAID 120004873438

栃木県における豚トルクテノウイルスの浸潤状況及び感染動態調査

米山州二,湯澤裕史,岡崎克美 [他],宇佐美佳秀
日本獣医師会雑誌 = Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 65(4), 271-277, 2012-04-20
栃木県の豚群における豚トルクテノウイルス(TTV)の浸潤状況,感染動態及び後向き調査を行った。2009年に採取した21農場201検体を用いた浸潤状況調査では,TTV1及びTTV2がすべての農場から検出され,個体別の陽性率はそれぞれ77.6%,56.2%であった。若齢豚の陽性率は月齢が進むに従い上昇傾向を示し,TTV1は5カ月齢(97.7%),TTV2は3カ月齢(91.7%)で最高値となった。繁殖豚 …
NAID 10030556973

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リンク元	「トルクテノウイルス」「Torque tenoウイルス」「TT virus」「TTV」「transfusion-transmitted virus」
関連記事	「virus」