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Thiothrix is a genus of filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, related to the genera Beggiatoa and Thioploca. Usually Gram negative but can be Gram variable rods (0.7-1.5x1.2-2.5 µm) forming ensheathed multicellular filaments attached at base and forming gonidia at the free end. The apical gonidia have gliding motility. Rosettes of the filaments are not always formed but are typical. Sulfur is deposited in invaginations within the cell membrane.^[1]^[2]

Species

Thiothrix nivea Rabenhorst 1865) Winogradsky 1888^[2]
Thiothrix defluvii Howarth et al 1999^[3]
Thiothrix eikelboomii Howarth et al 1999^[3]
Thiothrix fructosivorans Howarth et al 1999^[3]
Thiothrix unzii Howarth et al 1999^[3]
Thiothrix disciformis Aruga et al 2002^[4]
Thiothrix flexilis Aruga et al 2002^[4]
Thiothrix caldifontis Chernousova 2009^[5]
Thiothrix lacustris Chernousova 2009^[5]

Habitat

Thiothrix live primarily in flowing water containing a source of sulfide but are also present in activated-sludge waste water treatment systems.^[2] They are aerobic or microaerophilic in their oxygen requirements. Thiothrix species can be facultative autotrophs,^[3] chemoorganotrophs^[3] and mixotrophs.^[3]^[6] The temperature range for growth can vary from cold springs to hot vents while salinity can vary from fresh to ocean water.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] Thiothrix can be found in symbiotic relationships with other organisms.^[12]^[13]^[14]

References

^ Larkin, J M; Strohl, W R (1 October 1983). "Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, and Thioploca". Annual Review of Microbiology 37 (1): 341–367. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.002013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ed.-in-chief, George M. Garrity, (2005). The Gammaproteobacteria. (2. ed.). New York, NY: Springer. pp. 131–142. ISBN 0387241442.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Howarth, R.; Unz, R. F.; Seviour, E. M.; Seviour, R. J.; Blackall, L. L.; Pickup, R. W.; Jones, J. G.; Yaguchi, J.; Head, I. M. (1 October 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. and Eikelboom type 021N bacteria) isolated from wastewatertreatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. nov., Thiothrix fructosivorans sp. nov. and Thiothrix defluvii sp. nov.". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 49 (4): 1817–1827. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-4-1817.
^ ^a ^b Aruga, S. (2002). "Characterization of filamentous Eikelboom type 021N bacteria and description of Thiothrix disciformis sp. nov. and Thiothrix flexilis sp. nov". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 52 (4): 1309–1316. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02177-0.
^ ^a ^b Chernousova, E.; Gridneva, E.; Grabovich, M.; Dubinina, G.; Akimov, V.; Rossetti, S.; Kuever, J. (30 July 2009). "Thiothrix caldifontis sp. nov. and Thiothrix lacustris sp. nov., gammaproteobacteria isolated from sulfide springs". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 59 (12): 3128–3135. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.009456-0.
^ Nielsen, Per Halkjaer; de Muro, Marilena Aquino, Nielsen, Jeppe Lund (1 August 2000). "Studies on the in situ physiology of Thiothrix spp. present in activated sludge". Environmental Microbiology 2 (4): 389–398. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00120.x.
^ Koch, Marcus; Rudolph, Christian; Moissl, Christine; Huber, Robert (1 July 2006). "A cold-loving crenarchaeon is a substantial part of a novel microbial community in cold sulphidic marsh water". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 57 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00088.x.
^ Camacho, Antonio; Rochera, Carlos, Silvestre, Juan José, Vicente, Eduardo, Hahn, Martin W. (13 October 2005). "Spatial Dominance and Inorganic Carbon Assimilation by Conspicuous Autotrophic Biofilms in a Physical and Chemical Gradient of a Cold Sulfurous Spring: The Role of Differential Ecological Strategies". Microbial Ecology 50 (2): 172–184. doi:10.1007/s00248-004-0156-x.
^ Glud, R.N.; Rysgaard, S.; Fenchel, T.; Nielsen, P.H. "A conspicuous H2S-oxidizing microbial mat from a high-latitude Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland)". Marine Biology 145 (1). doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1296-8.
^ Rudolph, Christian; Moissl, Christine; Henneberger, Ruth; Huber, Robert (1 October 2004). "Ecology and microbial structures of archaeal/bacterial strings-of-pearls communities and archaeal relatives thriving in cold sulfidic springs". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 50 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.05.006.
^ Konkol, Nick R.; Bruckner, James C.; Aguilar, Carmen; Lovalvo, David; Maki, James S. "Dominance of Epiphytic Filamentous Thiothrix spp. on an Aquatic Macrophyte in a Hydrothermal Vent Flume in Sedge Bay, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming". Microbial Ecology 60 (3): 528–538. doi:10.1007/s00248-010-9656-z.
^ Gillan, D. C.; Dubilier, N. (7 June 2004). "Novel Epibiotic Thiothrix Bacterium on a Marine Amphipod". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (6): 3772–3775. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.6.3772-3775.2004.
^ Dattagupta, Sharmishtha; Schaperdoth, Irene, Montanari, Alessandro, Mariani, Sandro, Kita, Noriko, Valley, John W, Macalady, Jennifer L (9 April 2009). "A novel symbiosis between chemoautotrophic bacteria and a freshwater cave amphipod". The ISME Journal 3 (8): 935–943. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.34.
^ Flot, Jean-François; Wörheide, Gert; Dattagupta, Sharmishtha (1 January 2010). "Unsuspected diversity of Niphargus amphipods in the chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem of Frasassi, central Italy". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 (1): 171. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-171.

English Journal

Changes in the microbial community structure of filaments and floc formers in response to various carbon sources and feeding patterns.

Guo J1, Peng Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Zhu A.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2014 Sep;98(17):7633-44. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5805-5. Epub 2014 May 21.
Filamentous bulking is a complicated problem in wastewater treatment plants treating various wastewaters, leading to the deterioration of the settling properties and the effluent quality. This study systematically investigated long-term effects of various carbon sources and feeding patterns on the g
PMID 24859633

Expansion of ability of denitrification within the filamentous colorless sulfur bacteria of the genus Thiothrix.

Trubitsyn IV1, Belousova EV, Tutukina MN, Merkel AY, Dubinina GA, Grabovich MY.
FEMS microbiology letters.FEMS Microbiol Lett.2014 Sep;358(1):72-80. doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12548. Epub 2014 Aug 21.
Filamentous sulfur bacteria of the genus Thiothrix are able to respire nitrate (NO3-→NO2-) under anaerobic growth. Here, Thiothrix caldifontis (G1(T), G3), Thiothrix unzii (A1(T), TN) and Thiothrix lacustris AS were shown to be capable of further reduction of nitrite and/or nitrous oxides (denitri
PMID 25074823

Optimisation and performance of NaClO-assisted maintenance cleaning for fouling control in membrane bioreactors.

Wang Z1, Meng F2, He X1, Zhou Z1, Huang LN3, Liang S4.
Water research.Water Res.2014 Apr 15;53:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.040. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
Based on conventional chemical cleaning and physical backflush methods, a novel in situ chemical backflush method, i.e., chemically assisted maintenance cleaning with NaClO as the principal reagent, was developed for membrane fouling control in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The results demonstrated t
PMID 24486714

Japanese Journal

活性汚泥の硫黄酸化還元活性と関連微生物の変動特性

土木学会論文集 = Proceedings of JSCE (804), 93-100, 2005-11-22
NAID 10016513505

割り箸を有機炭素源とした脱窒処理における硫酸塩還元細菌および硫黄脱窒細菌の役割

環境工学研究論文集 42, 581-590, 2005
NAID 130003949486

酢酸，都市下水および懸濁性有機物を添加した都市下水を処理する嫌気好気活性汚泥の微生物群集構造解析

土木学会論文集 (762), 61-68, 2004
NAID 130003984695

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Thiothrix
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:	Thiotrichales
Family:	Thiotrichaceae
Genus:	Thiothrix; Winogradsky 1888

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ラ: Thiothrix
関: チオスリックス属

「チオスリックス属」

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ラ: Thiothrix
関: チオスリクス属

[1] Larkin, J M; Strohl, W R (1 October 1983). "Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, and Thioploca". Annual Review of Microbiology 37 (1): 341–367. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.002013.

[Bergeys-2] .-in-chief, George M. Garrity, (2005). The Gammaproteobacteria. (2. ed.). New York, NY: Springer. pp. 131–142. ISBN 0387241442.

[H1999-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Howarth, R.; Unz, R. F.; Seviour, E. M.; Seviour, R. J.; Blackall, L. L.; Pickup, R. W.; Jones, J. G.; Yaguchi, J.; Head, I. M. (1 October 1999). "Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. and Eikelboom type 021N bacteria) isolated from wastewatertreatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. nov., Thiothrix fructosivorans sp. nov. and Thiothrix defluvii sp. nov.". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 49 (4): 1817–1827. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-4-1817.

[A2002-4] Aruga, S. (2002). "Characterization of filamentous Eikelboom type 021N bacteria and description of Thiothrix disciformis sp. nov. and Thiothrix flexilis sp. nov". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 52 (4): 1309–1316. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02177-0.

[C2009-5] Chernousova, E.; Gridneva, E.; Grabovich, M.; Dubinina, G.; Akimov, V.; Rossetti, S.; Kuever, J. (30 July 2009). "Thiothrix caldifontis sp. nov. and Thiothrix lacustris sp. nov., gammaproteobacteria isolated from sulfide springs". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 59 (12): 3128–3135. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.009456-0.

[6] Nielsen, Per Halkjaer; de Muro, Marilena Aquino, Nielsen, Jeppe Lund (1 August 2000). "Studies on the in situ physiology of Thiothrix spp. present in activated sludge". Environmental Microbiology 2 (4): 389–398. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00120.x.

[7] Koch, Marcus; Rudolph, Christian; Moissl, Christine; Huber, Robert (1 July 2006). "A cold-loving crenarchaeon is a substantial part of a novel microbial community in cold sulphidic marsh water". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 57 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00088.x.

[8] Camacho, Antonio; Rochera, Carlos, Silvestre, Juan José, Vicente, Eduardo, Hahn, Martin W. (13 October 2005). "Spatial Dominance and Inorganic Carbon Assimilation by Conspicuous Autotrophic Biofilms in a Physical and Chemical Gradient of a Cold Sulfurous Spring: The Role of Differential Ecological Strategies". Microbial Ecology 50 (2): 172–184. doi:10.1007/s00248-004-0156-x.

[9] Glud, R.N.; Rysgaard, S.; Fenchel, T.; Nielsen, P.H. "A conspicuous H2S-oxidizing microbial mat from a high-latitude Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland)". Marine Biology 145 (1). doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1296-8.

[10] Rudolph, Christian; Moissl, Christine; Henneberger, Ruth; Huber, Robert (1 October 2004). "Ecology and microbial structures of archaeal/bacterial strings-of-pearls communities and archaeal relatives thriving in cold sulfidic springs". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 50 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.05.006.

[11] Konkol, Nick R.; Bruckner, James C.; Aguilar, Carmen; Lovalvo, David; Maki, James S. "Dominance of Epiphytic Filamentous Thiothrix spp. on an Aquatic Macrophyte in a Hydrothermal Vent Flume in Sedge Bay, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming". Microbial Ecology 60 (3): 528–538. doi:10.1007/s00248-010-9656-z.

[12] Gillan, D. C.; Dubilier, N. (7 June 2004). "Novel Epibiotic Thiothrix Bacterium on a Marine Amphipod". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (6): 3772–3775. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.6.3772-3775.2004.

[13] Dattagupta, Sharmishtha; Schaperdoth, Irene, Montanari, Alessandro, Mariani, Sandro, Kita, Noriko, Valley, John W, Macalady, Jennifer L (9 April 2009). "A novel symbiosis between chemoautotrophic bacteria and a freshwater cave amphipod". The ISME Journal 3 (8): 935–943. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.34.

[14] Flot, Jean-François; Wörheide, Gert; Dattagupta, Sharmishtha (1 January 2010). "Unsuspected diversity of Niphargus amphipods in the chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem of Frasassi, central Italy". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10 (1): 171. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-171.

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Thiothrix