Tabanidae

　

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1. horseflies (同)family Tabanidae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/19 10:48:11」(JST)

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Horse-fly
Hybomitra micans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Brachycera
Infraorder:	Tabanomorpha
Superfamily:	Tabanoidea
Family:	Tabanidae
Genera
as listed in ITIS: Subfamily Chrysopsinae: Merycomyia Chrysops Neochrysops Silvius Subfamily Pangoniinae: Apatolestes Asaphomyia Brennania Esenbeckia Pangonius Pegasomyia Stonemyia Goniops Subfamily Tabaninae: Anacimas Bolbodimyia Catachlorops Chlorotabanus Diachlorus Dichelacera Holcopsis Lepiselaga Leucotabanus Microtabanus Stenotabanus Haematopota Agkistrocerus Atylotus Hamatabanus Hybomitra Poeciloderas Tabanus Whitneyomyia Not placed: Zophina

Horse-fly is the most widely used English common name for members of the family Tabanidae. Apart from the common name "horse-flies", broad categories of biting, bloodsucking Tabanidae are variously known as breeze flies, cleggs, klegs, or clags, deer flies, gadflies, or zimbs. In some areas of Canada, they also are known as bull dog flies, and in Newfoundland and Labrador as stouts. In Australia some species are known as "March flies", a name that in other English-speaking countries refers to the non-bloodsucking Bibionidae.

Overview

The Tabanidae are true flies and members of the insect order Diptera. Species of Tabanidae that habitually attack humans and livestock are widely regarded as pests because of the bites that females of most species inflict, and the diseases and parasites that some species transmit. The various species of Tabanidae range from medium-sized to very large in size. Some species, such as deer flies and the Australian March flies, are known for being extremely noisy during flight, though clegs, for example, fly quietly and bite with little warning. Tabanids are extremely fast and agile fliers. They have been observed to perform aerial maneuvers otherwise performed by fighter jets, such as the Immelman turn.

In spite of their roles as pests, Tabanidae also are important pollinators of some flowers. In particular, several South African species have spectacularly long proboscides adapted to the extraction of nectar from flowers with long, narrow corolla tubes, such as Lapeirousia and some Pelargonium. Tabanidae occur worldwide, being absent only on some remote oceanic islands and at extreme northern and southern latitudes.

Taxonomy and description

Worldwide about 4,500 species of Tabanidae have been described, over 1,300 of them in the genus Tabanus. Three subfamilies are widely recognised:

• Chrysopsinae
• Pangoniinae
• Tabaninae

The genus Zophina is of uncertain placement, though it has been classified among the Pangoniinae. Two well-known genera are the common horse flies, genus Tabanus Linnaeus, 1758 and the deer flies, genus Chrysops Meigen, 1802 are also known as banded horse flies because of their coloring. Both genera give their names to subfamilies. The "Blue Tail Fly" in the eponymous song was probably a tabanid common to the southeastern United States.

Lifespan

Horseflies will develop as larvae for 1-2 years, however they only live for a few days as adults.

Diet

Adult horse flies feed on nectar and sometimes pollen. Females of most species are anautogenous, meaning they require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce effectively, if at all. Much like male mosquitoes, male Tabanidae are not ectoparasitic and lack the mouth parts (mandibles) that the females use in drawing the blood on which they feed. Most female horse flies feed on mammalian blood, but some species are known to feed on birds or reptiles. Some are said to attack amphibians as well.

Larval horse flies are predators of small invertebrates in moist environments, such as in mud on the edges of bodies of water, in damp soil, under stones, or in rotting logs.

Biting behavior

Tabanid fly showing the mouth parts (cf. Haematopota pseudolusitanica)

Horse fly bites are painful, the bites of large specimens especially so. Most short tongued (short proboscid) species of horse flies use their knife-like mandibles to rip and/or slice flesh apart.

Horse fly bites are more immediately painful than those of its mosquito counterparts, although it still aims to escape before its victim responds. The flies are very agile and adept at flying. Their bites may become itchy, sometimes causing a large swelling afterward if not treated quickly.

They are often not deterred by attempts at swatting them away, and will generally persist in attacking until they secure their quarry or are killed. Many often will give chase to their intended targets for a short time.

Predators

Aside from generalized predators such as birds, specialist predators, such as the horse guard wasp, a type of sand wasp also preferentially attack horse flies.

Reproduction

Mating is done in swarms, generally at landmarks such as hilltops. The season and time of day, and type of landmark, used for mating swarms is specific to particular species. Eggs are laid on stones or vegetation usually close to water. On hatching, the larvae fall into water or moist earth, feeding voraciously on invertebrates, such as snails, earthworms and other insects.

Diseases

A bite of horse-fly on a human.

Tabanidae are known vectors for some blood-borne diseases of animals and humans, such as the equine infectious anaemia virus and some Trypanosoma species. Species of the genus Chrysops transmit the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa between humans and are known to transmit anthrax among cattle and sheep and tularemia between rabbits and humans.

Blood loss is a common problem in some animals when large flies are abundant. Some animals have been known to lose up to 300 millilitres of blood in a single day to tabanid flies, a loss which can weaken or even kill them. There are anecdotal reports of horse-fly bites leading to fatal anaphylaxis in humans, an extremely rare occurrence.

Deterrence

Biologists in Budapest found that the striped hides of zebras are less attractive to horseflies than either plain dark or plain white hides.

Gallery

• A tabanid from the Western Ghats, India

• Tabanus glaucops
  France

• Tabanus eggeri
  France

• Tabanus unifasciatus
  France

• Tabanus melanocerus India

See also

• Deer fly
• List of soldierflies and allies of Great Britain
• Use of DNA in forensic entomology

References

External links

Data related to Tabanidae at Wikispecies

• Family Tabanidae at EOL
• Tabanidae in Italian
• Horsefly Tabanus sp. diagnostic photographs
• Family description and images
• Chrysops, Diachlorus, and Tabanus spp. on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Diachlorus ferrugatus, yellow fly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
• Information about horsefly bites.

English Journal

• Wing Shape Variation in the Taxonomic Recognition of Species of Diachlorus Osten-Sacken (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Colombia.

• Torres A1, Miranda-Esquivel DR2.
• Neotropical entomology.Neotrop Entomol.2016 Apr;45(2):180-91. doi: 10.1007/s13744-015-0350-1. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
• We evaluated the directional asymmetry between right and left wings and quantified the intraspecific and interspecific variation of the wing shape of 601 specimens of the genus Diachlorus to determine to what extent the geometrical variation discriminates six species distributed in six protected are
• PMID 26680467

• SAND-FLY PHLEBOTOMUS PAPATASI (PHLEBOTOMINAE): A GENERAL REVIEW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ZOONOTIC CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN EGYPT.

• Saleh AM, Labib A, Abdel-Fattah MS, Al-Attar MB, Morsy TA.
• Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology.J Egypt Soc Parasitol.2015 Dec;45(3):525-44.
• Leishmania are digenetic protozoa which inhabit two hosts, the sandfly where they grow as promastigotes in the gut, and the mammalian macrophage where they grow as amastigotes. Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking Dipteran encountered i
• PMID 26939230

• Seasonal patterns of horse fly richness and abundance in the Pampa biome of southern Brazil.

• Krüger RF1, Krolow TK2.
• Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology.J Vector Ecol.2015 Dec;40(2):364-72. doi: 10.1111/jvec.12175.
• Fluctuations in seasonal patterns of horse fly populations were examined in rainforests of tropical South America, where the climate is seasonal. These patterns were evaluated with robust analytical models rather than identifying the main factors that influenced the fluctuations. We examined the sea
• PMID 26611972

Japanese Journal

• Horse fly fauna of the Shirakami Mountains and adjacent areas, Honshu, Japan (Diptera, Tabanidae), a preliminary report

• SEKI Akihiko,NAKAMURA Takeyuki
• Shirakami-sanchi : bulletin of the Shirakami Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hirosaki University 4, 20-26, 2015-03
• NAID 40020519796

• 天売・焼尻両島における吸血性アブ類採集の記録と北海道の離島のアブ相

• 佐々木 均
• 衛生動物 = Medical entomology and zoology 65(1), 37-39, 2014-03-25
• NAID 40020053405

• 天売・焼尻両島における吸血性アブ類採集の記録と北海道の離島のアブ相

• 佐々木 均
• 衛生動物 65(1), 37-39, 2014
• A faunal survey on the blood sucking tabanid flies was carried out in Yagishiri island and Teuri island from July 30th to 31st, 2013 by using CO2 lured NZI traps and sweeping. In Yagishiri island, 48 …
• NAID 130004714260

Related Links

• Family Tabanidae - Horse and Deer Flies - BugGuide.Net

Family Tabanidae (Horse and Deer Flies) Other Common Names Bulldog Flies, Clegs, Yellow Flies of the Dismal Swamp, Greenheads, Gad Flies, Copper Heads Explanation of Names Tabanidae Latreille 1802 Numbers 350 spp (1 ...

• Tabanidae - definition of Tabanidae by Medical dictionary

Ta·ban·i·dae (tă-ban'i-dē), A family of bloodsucking flies that includes the genera Tabanus (horsefly) and Chrysops (deerfly and mango fly), which are ... knowltoni Curran 1 Tabanidae 1 Dolichopodidae 1 Syrphidae 5 Copestylum ...

Related Pictures

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horse fly, deer fly

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Tabanidae