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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/25 17:04:47」(JST)

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Stephania tetrandra is a herbaceous perennial vine of the Menispermaceae family native to China and Taiwan. It grows from a short, woody caudex, climbing to a height of around three meters. The leaves are arranged spirally on the stem, and are peltate, i.e. with the leaf petiole attached near the centre of the leaf.^[1] Its root is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Distribution and habitat

Stephania tetrandra occurs in shrublands at village margins, open fields, and roadsides in South Central and East China in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, and in Taiwan.^[1]

Etymology in Chinese medicine

Stephania tetrandra is among the 50 fundamental herbs used in TCM. The standard pinyin according to the Chinese [Herbal] Pharmacopia of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国药典; pinyin: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Yao Dian) is: fen fang ji (Chinese: 粉防己; pinyin: fěn fáng jǐ), but it is more commonly known as Han Fang ji (Chinese: 漢防己; pinyin: hàn fáng jǐ).

Traditional medicine

Fen fang ji is used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel wind and dampness to relieve pain and to promote diuresis.^{[citation needed]} It is classified as acrid, bitter and cold. The part used is the root.

Chemistry

Stephania contains tetrandrine, a potent smooth muscle relaxant.^[2]^[3]^[4] Stephania alkaloids have curare-like action, and can selectively inhibit T-cell-dependent immune reactions. The root contains many isoquinoline alkaloids: tetrandrine (0.6-0.9%), fangchinoline (0.5%), cyclanoline (0.1%) and dimethyltetrandrine iodide (muscle relaxant). The root also contains flavanoids. The main active alkaloids are: tetrandrine (12 to 23 grams/kg) and fangchinoline (0.3–3 mg/kg). Also present are: dimethyltetradine iodide, cyclanoline, menisine, menisidine, oxofangchirine, stephenanthrine, stepholidine and bisbenzylisoquinoline.^[5]^[6]

Other herbs sometimes used as Fang Ji

Other plants named fang ji (Chinese: 防己, roughly "snakebite remedy") are sometimes substituted for it. Notable among these is guang fang ji (Chinese: 廣防己; pinyin: guǎng fáng jǐ), Aristolochia fanchi, whose main toxic component is aristolochic acid, a potent carcinogen and nephrotoxin. Other herbs sometimes used as Fang Ji include Cocculus trilobus, C. thunbergii Orbiculatus, Aristolochia fangchi, and Simomenium actum (Japanese Han Fang Ji or Quinfengteng).

Warnings, contraindications for substituted herbs

When Aristolochia fanghi is substituted for Stephania tetrandra, the resultant guang fang ji preparations can contain toxic amounts of aristolochic acid Ingestion can lead to renal failure and even death; Aristolochia is used in TCM only with great caution. In May, 2000, the FDA began detaining any plants or medicines suspected of containing aristolochic acid, unless laboratory testing indicated they were negative for aristolochic acid.^[7] The traditional route of ingestion of guang fang ji is via water decoction. Since aristolochic acid has low water solubility, water decoction is believed to be a safer route than taking guang fang ji as an uncooked powder.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Qiming Hu, Xianrui Luo, Tao Chen & Michael G. Gilbert. "Stephania tetrandra". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^ Xu, Wei; Debeb, Bisrat G.; Lacerda, Lara; Li, Jessica; Woodward, Wendy A. (2011). "Tetrandrine, a Compound Common in Chinese Traditional Medicine, Preferentially Kills Breast Cancer Tumor Initiating Cells (TICs) in Vitro". Cancers 3 (2): 2274. doi:10.3390/cancers3022274.
^ Ng, LT; Chiang, LC; Lin, YT; Lin, CC (2006). "Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tetrandrine on different human hepatoma cell lines". The American journal of Chinese medicine 34 (1): 125–35. doi:10.1142/s0192415x06003692. PMID 16437745.
^ Chen, YJ (2002). "Potential role of tetrandrine in cancer therapy". Acta pharmacologica Sinica 23 (12): 1102–6. PMID 12466047.
^ Choi, HS; Kim, HS; Min, KR; Kim, Y; Lim, HK; Chang, YK; Chung, MW (2000). "Anti-inflammatory effects of fangchinoline and tetrandrine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69 (2): 173–9. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00141-5. PMID 10687873.
^ Ma, W; Nomura, M; Takahashi-Nishioka, T; Kobayashi, S (2007). "Combined effects of fangchinoline from Stephania tetrandra Radix and formononetin and calycosin from Astragalus membranaceus Radix on hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-diabetic mice". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 30 (11): 2079–83. doi:10.1248/bpb.30.2079. PMID 17978479.
^ "A Success Story on Aristolochic Acid".
^ Chen JK and Chen TT (2004). Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology. City of Industry, CA: Art of Medicine Press. ISBN 0-9740635-0-9.

External links

"Stephania tetrandra information from NPGS/GRIN". Retrieved 2008-02-13.
Stephania and Chinese Herb Nephropathy

UpToDate Contents

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1. 癌に対する補完代替療法 complementary and alternative therapies for cancer

English Journal

In vitro genotoxicity tests point to an unexpected and harmful effect of a magnolia and Aristolochia association.

Nachtergael A1, Poivre M1, Belayew A2, Duez P3.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2015 Aug 13:JEPD1501165. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.045. [Epub ahead of print]
.: Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the 1990's, a Belgian cohort of more than 100 patients reported cases of Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy (AAN). This progressive renal and interstitial fibrosis, frequently associated with urothelial malignancies, was consecutive to the Chinese-herbs based slimmin
PMID 26278811

Fangchinoline targets PI3K and suppresses PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in SGC7901 cells.

Tian F1, Ding D1, Li D1.
International journal of oncology.Int J Oncol.2015 Jun;46(6):2355-63. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2959. Epub 2015 Apr 9.
Fangchinoline, an important compound in Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, as a novel antitumor agent, has been implicated in several types of cancers cells except gastric cancer. To investigate whether fangchinoline affects gastric cancer cells, we detected the signaling pathway by which fangchinoline
PMID 25872479

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of tetrandrine and fangchinoline in rat plasma after oral administration of Fangji Huangqi Tang and Stephania tetrandra S. Moore extracts.

Wang X1, Liu X, Cai H, Pei K, Cao G, Xu X, Shi F, Cai B.
Journal of separation science.J Sep Sci.2015 May;38(8):1286-93. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201401384. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
A rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical method based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous determination of fangchinoline and tetrandrine in rat plasma. Plasma samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with ac
PMID 25645647

Japanese Journal

Tetrandrine Prevents Bone Loss in Sciatic-Neurectomized Mice and Inhibits Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation

Takahashi Tatsuo,Tonami Yusuke,Tachibana Mami [他],Nomura Masaaki,Shimada Tsutomu,Aburada Masaki,Kobayashi Shinjiro
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35(10), 1765-1774, 2012
… In the present study, we found that tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the root of Stephania tetrandra S. …
NAID 130001872376

Authentication of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (Fang Ji) and differentiation of its common adulterants using microscopy and HPLC analysis

Joshi Vaishali C.,Avula Bharathi,Khan Ikhlas A.
Journal of natural medicines 62(1), 117-121, 2008-02-20
NAID 10024189517

Combined Effects of Fangchinoline from Stephania Tetrandra Radix and Formononetin and Calycosin from Astragalus membranaceus Radix on Hyperglycemia and Hypoinsulinemia in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Mice(Pharmacology)

Ma Wenjie,Nomura Masaaki,Takahashi-Nishioka Tatsuo [他],KOBAYASHI Shinjiro
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 30(11), 2079-2083, 2007-11-01
… The anti-hyperglycemic action of Stephania tetrandra Radix (Stephania) is potentiated by Astragalus membranaceus BUNGE Radix (Astragali) in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic ddY mice (Tsutsumi et al., Biol. … Fangchinoline (0.3-3mg/kg), a main constituent of Stephania, decreased the high level of blood glucose and increased the low level of blood insulin in STZ-diabetic mice. …
NAID 110006473486

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「シマハスノハカズラ」
関連記事	「Stephania」

「シマハスノハカズラ」

Stephania tetandra
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Menispermaceae
Genus:	Stephania
Species:	S. tetrandra
Binomial name
	Stephania tetrandra; S. Moore

　　[★]

ラ: Stephania tetrandra

「Stephania」

　　[★]

ハスノハカヅラ属、ステファニア属、Stephania属

[FoC-1] Qiming Hu, Xianrui Luo, Tao Chen & Michael G. Gilbert. "Stephania tetrandra". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 24 August 2015.

[2] Xu, Wei; Debeb, Bisrat G.; Lacerda, Lara; Li, Jessica; Woodward, Wendy A. (2011). "Tetrandrine, a Compound Common in Chinese Traditional Medicine, Preferentially Kills Breast Cancer Tumor Initiating Cells (TICs) in Vitro". Cancers 3 (2): 2274. doi:10.3390/cancers3022274.

[3] Ng, LT; Chiang, LC; Lin, YT; Lin, CC (2006). "Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of tetrandrine on different human hepatoma cell lines". The American journal of Chinese medicine 34 (1): 125–35. doi:10.1142/s0192415x06003692. PMID 16437745.

[4] Chen, YJ (2002). "Potential role of tetrandrine in cancer therapy". Acta pharmacologica Sinica 23 (12): 1102–6. PMID 12466047.

[5] Choi, HS; Kim, HS; Min, KR; Kim, Y; Lim, HK; Chang, YK; Chung, MW (2000). "Anti-inflammatory effects of fangchinoline and tetrandrine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69 (2): 173–9. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00141-5. PMID 10687873.

[6] Ma, W; Nomura, M; Takahashi-Nishioka, T; Kobayashi, S (2007). "Combined effects of fangchinoline from Stephania tetrandra Radix and formononetin and calycosin from Astragalus membranaceus Radix on hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-diabetic mice". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 30 (11): 2079–83. doi:10.1248/bpb.30.2079. PMID 17978479.

[7] "A Success Story on Aristolochic Acid".

[8] Chen JK and Chen TT (2004). Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology. City of Industry, CA: Art of Medicine Press. ISBN 0-9740635-0-9.

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Stephania tetrandra