関: Spodoptera

WordNet

moths whose larvae are armyworms (同)genus Spodoptera

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/17 11:46:58」(JST)

wiki en

The Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is part of the order of Lepidoptera and is the caterpillar life stage of a moth. It is regarded as a pest and can wreak havoc with crops if left to multiply. Its name is derived from its feeding habits. They will eat everything in an area and once the food supply is exhausted the entire "army" will move to the next available food source.

Description

The larvae are a dull yellow to gray with stripes running down the length of the body. The mature caterpillar is approximately 1.5 to 2 inches (51 mm) in length.

Illustration

Feeding habits

The armyworm's diet consists mainly of grasses and small grain crops. An infestation is hard to detect as the caterpillars migrate to new feeding areas in the cool of the night. When the caterpillars near maturity, they can lay waste to an entire crop in a few days.

Caterpillar

Infestations

In mid-April 1999, an army worm infestation started in southern Ethiopia, spreading into the north the following month and into the Jubba valley of Somalia in early May. Similar outbreaks affected the Rift Valley Province of Kenya and parts of Uganda at the same time. While Ethiopian officials had stocks of pesticides to treat 350,000 hectares of affected land, neither Kenyan or Ugandan officials had sufficient supplies to combat the insect and there was no central government to respond to the emergency in Somalia.^[1]

STAR radio in Liberia reported in January 2009 that Zota District in Bong County had been invaded by army worms, which had consumed vegetation and polluted creeks and running water.^[2]^[3] They are moving to Guinea and Sierra Leone.^[3] On 28 January 2009, the President of Liberia declared a state of emergency to deal with the infestation of army worms in the country.^[4]

December 2009 saw an infestation of ten regions of Tanzania. The infested regions include three of the five main grain-producing regions. The other two major grain-producing regions are at risk of infestation. Tanzania has trained farmers in fighting armyworms since 2007, and responded to forecasts of the late 2009 infestation by sending out hundreds of liters of pesticides to rural farmers. The first infestation was reported on 22 December and quickly spread to surrounding regions. The previous growing season saw Tanzania produce 10.872 millions tons of grain; after 10.337 million tons of domestic consumption the remaining 0.534 million tons were exported. As of 31 December, almost 1,400 acres (5.7 km²) of grain had been destroyed by armyworms.^[5]

In the United States, the western regions of New York State have been experiencing their own outbreak of armyworms around May 2012. While the infestation remains fairly localized, it has had a significant impact on local agriculture and farming.^[6] Armyworms spread in great numbers to Illinois, Tennessee, Kentucky and Montana in the fall of 2012.^[7] Rep. Kathleen C. Hochul, D-Hamburg, announced Wednesday 03 Oct 2012 that the U.S. Department of Agriculture has designated all seven counties in her 26th Congressional District as natural disaster areas due to the extensive damage caused earlier this year by army worms.

The district includes Erie, Niagara, Genesee, Orleans, Livingston, Monroe and Wyoming counties.

The early arrival of warm weather last spring was blamed for the appearance of an unusually high number of army worms. Ordinarily, they arrive later in the season, when more of their natural predators are present.

“Farms seeking assistance will now be eligible for emergency loans to help them recover and keep their businesses viable,” Hochul said. For information, farmers should contact their local Farm Services Agency office or Cornell Cooperative Extension.

Recently, it has been reported that 10% of China's corn crop is suffering from Army worm infestation.

Research use

Spodoptera frugiperda cells (Sf9 and Sf21 cell lines) are commonly used in biomedical research for the purpose of recombinant protein expression using insect-specific viruses called baculoviruses. Recently a new transient transfection system (leading to a stable cell line) has been developed. This allows quick expression within 3 days opposed to several weeks with the Baculovirus expression system. This binary protein expression system has many desirable characteristics and is widely used.

References

^ "Horn of Africa, Monthly Review, May - June 1999" UNDP-OCHA Archive (accessed 23 February 2009)
^ STAR radio Liberia: Caterpillar invasion: Government declares Zota District emergency zone
^ ^a ^b "Liberia worms trigger emergency". BBC. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7852639.stm. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
^ AOL.com: Caterpillars Trigger Emergency in Liberia
^ "Armyworm Scourge Spreads to Ten Regions". allAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. http://allafrica.com/stories/200912310422.html. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
^ Buffalo News: Plague of armyworms advances
^ AgTalk Forums: Armyworms in alfalfa

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Spodoptera frugiperda

fall armyworm on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

English Journal

Gasmin (BV2-5), a polydnaviral-acquired gene in Spodoptera exigua. Trade-off in the defense against bacterial and viral infections.

Gasmi L1, Jakubowska AK1, Herrero S2.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2016 Mar;56:37-45. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.014. Epub 2015 Nov 30.
Thousands of Hymenopteran endoparasitoids have developed a unique symbiotic relationship with viruses named polydnavirus (PDVs). These viruses immunocompromise the lepidopteran host allowing the survival of the wasp eggs. In a previous work, we have shown the horizontal transfer of some polydnaviral
PMID 26658027

Broflanilide: A meta-diamide insecticide with a novel mode of action.

Nakao T1, Banba S2.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.Bioorg Med Chem.2016 Feb 1;24(3):372-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.008. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
Broflanilide is a meta-diamide [3-benzamido-N-(4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl)phenyl)benzamide] that exhibits high larvicidal activity against Spodoptera litura. It has been suggested that broflanilide is metabolized to desmethyl-broflanilide and that it acts as a noncompetitive resistant-to-dieldrin (RDL)
PMID 26361738

Budded baculovirus particle structure revisited.

Wang Q1, Bosch BJ2, Vlak JM3, van Oers MM3, Rottier PJ2, van Lent JW4.
Journal of invertebrate pathology.J Invertebr Pathol.2016 Feb;134:15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.12.001. Epub 2015 Dec 29.
Baculoviruses are a group of enveloped, double-stranded DNA insect viruses with budded (BV) and occlusion-derived (ODV) virions produced during their infection cycle. BVs are commonly described as rod shaped particles with a high apical density of protein extensions (spikes) on the lipid envelope su
PMID 26743500

Japanese Journal

Production of Japanese encephalitis virus-like particles using the baculovirus-insect cell system(CELL AND TISSUE ENGINEERING)

Yamaji Hideki,Segawa Maiko,Nakamura Masataka [他],Katsuda Tomohisa,Kuwahara Miwa,Konishi Eiji
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(6), 657-662, 2012-12
… Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the culture supernatant showed that Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells infected with the recombinant baculovirus had secreted the E protein. …
NAID 110009578162

Structural characterization of nanoparticles loaded with neem oil and their insecticidal activity against spodoptera frugiperda, tuta absoluta and bemisia tabaci(Chemical Ecology & Natural Product,Poster,1) Pest Management, Crop Protection and Vector Control)

Silva M. F. G. Da
Journal of pesticide science 36(1), 158, 2011-02-20
NAID 110008463131

Efficient production of an antibody Fab fragment using the baculovirus-insect cell system(CELL AND TISSUE ENGINEERING)

Furuta Takanori,Ogawa Takafumi,Katsuda Tomohisa [他],Fujii Ikuo,Yamaji Hideki
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 110(5), 577-581, 2010-11
… Baculovirus-infected High Five cells secreted more of the Fab fragment than Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. …
NAID 110007988809

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「スポドプテラ・フルギペルダ」「ヨトウガ」
関連記事	「Spodoptera」

「スポドプテラ・フルギペルダ」

Army worm; Fall army worm
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Noctuidae
Genus:	Spodoptera
Species:	S. frugiperda
Binomial name
	Spodoptera frugiperda; (J.E. Smith, 1797)