((学名))ラチフス菌

関: Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A、Salmonella paratyphi A

WordNet

rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; cause typhoid fever and food poisoning; can be used as a bioweapon

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サルモネラ菌(食中毒の原因になる)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/01/18 22:37:35」(JST)

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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is a subspecies of Salmonella enterica, the rod-shaped, flagellated, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium. Many of the pathogenic serovars of the S. enterica species are in this subspecies, including that responsible for typhoid.^[1]

Serovars

S. enterica subsp. enterica contains a large number of serovars which can infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts. The individual members range from being highly host-adapted (only able to infect a narrow range of species) to displaying a broad host range. A number of techniques are currently used to differentiate between serotypes. These include looking for the presence or absence of antigens, phage typing, molecular fingerprinting and biotyping, where serovars are differentiated by which nutrients they are able to ferment. A possible factor in determining the host range of particular serovars is phage-mediated acquisition of a small number of genetic elements that enable infection of a particular host.^[2] It is further postulated that serovars which infect a narrow range of species have diverged from ancestors with a broad host range, and have since specialised and lost the ability to infect some hosts.^[3]

A selection of serovars, with known hosts listed. Since there are more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, this list is incomplete.

Serovar	Host species
Salmonella Choleraesuis	Swine
Salmonella Dublin	Cattle
Salmonella Enteritidis	Humans, rodents, galliformes
Salmonella Gallinarum	Galliformes
Salmonella Hadar	Humans, galliformes, rabbits
Salmonella Heidelberg	Humans, galliformes, swine^[4]
Salmonella Infantis	Humans, poultry
Salmonella Paratyphi	Humans
Salmonella Typhi	Humans
Salmonella Typhimurium	Infects humans, cattle, swine, sheep, horses, rodents, galliformes

A study of data from 37 countries collected between 2001 and 2007 found that the most common serovars of Salmonella isolated from human cases was enteritidis, found in an average of 43.5% of cases, followed by Typhimurium (17.1% of cases), Newport (3.5%), Infantis (1.8%), Virchow (1.5%), Hadar (1.5%), and Agona (0.8%).^[5]

One strain of Salmonella that has recently been emerging in the United States is Salmonella javiana. "An outbreak occurred in 2002, there were 141 cases that occurred among the participants of the U.S. Transplant Games. Out of the 141 cases, most of the cases were either transplant recipients (34%) or people receiving immunosuppressive therapy (32%)". There is an increasing number of Salmonella serotypes that are multidrug resistant (MDR), which was identified by the CDC's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System.^[6] "Salmonella javiana causes 4% of nontyphodial Salmonella infections in the United States each year."^[7]

Metabolism

Genetic evidence suggests that the serovars can be divided into two groups – one which causes enteric infection and has a broad repertoire of metabolic capabilities, and one which usually causes invasive infection, often in a narrow range of hosts, and shows degradation of anaerobic metabolic pathways. It is thought that these metabolic capabilities are important for obtaining nutrients in the challenging and nutrient-limited inflamed gut environment.^[8]

Nomenclature

The serovars can be designated fully or in a shortened form.^[9] The short form lists the genus, Salmonella, which is followed by the capitalized and non-italicized serovar. The full designation for Salmonella Typhi is Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, serovar Typhi. Each serovar can have many strains, as well, which allows for a rapid increase in the total number of antigenically variable bacteria.^[10]

Epidemiology

Invasive strains of non-typhoidal salmonella, such as Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 have recently been labelled as emerging diseases in Africa. Key host immune deficiencies associated with HIV, malaria and malnutrition have contributed to a wide spread of this disease and the need to use expensive antimicrobial drugs in the poorest health services in the world.^[11]

References

^ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2009). Medical Microbiology (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier. p. 307.
^ Rabsch, Wolfgang; Andrews, Helene L.; Kingsley, Robert A.; Prager, Rita; Tschape, Helmut; Adams, Garry; Baumler, Andreas J. (2002). "Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium and Its Host-Adapted Variants". Infection and Immunity. 70 (5): 2249–2255. doi:10.1128/IAI.70.5.2249-2255.2002.
^ Langridge, Gemma C.; Fookes, Maria; Connor, Thomas; Feltwell, Theresa; Feasey, Nicholas; Parsons, Bryony; Seth-Smith, Helena; Barquist, Lars; Stedman, Anna; Humphrey, Thomas; Wigley, Paul; Peters, Sarah; Maskell, Duncan; Corander, Jukka; Chabalgoity, Jose; Barrow, Paul; Parkhill, Julian; Dougan, Gordon; Thomson, Nicholas (2014). "Patterns of genome evolution that have accompanied host adaptation in Salmonella". PNAS. 112: 863–868. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416707112.
^ "Snapshots of Salmonella Serotypes" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC.
^ Hendriksen, Rene S.; Vieira, Antonio R.; Karlsmose, Susanne; Lo Fo Wong, Danilo M.A.; Jensen, Arne B.; Wegener, Henrik C.; Aarestrup, Frank M. (August 2011). "Global Monitoring of Salmonella Serovar Distribution from the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network Country Data Bank: Results of Quality Assured Laboratories from 2001 to 2007". Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 8 (8): 887–900. doi:10.1089/fpd.2010.0787. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
^ Goldrick, Barbara (March 2003). "Emerging Infections: Foodborne Diseases". The American Journal of Nursing. 103 (3): 105–106. doi:10.1097/00000446-200303000-00043. JSTOR 29745004.
^ Elward, Alexis; Grim, Autumn; Schroeder, Patricia; Phillips, Virginia; Bartow, Rhonda; Mays, Debra; Lawrence, Steven; Seed, Patrick; Holzmann-Pazgal, Galit; Polish, Louis; Leet, Terry; Fraser, Victoria (June 2006). "Outbreak of Salmonella javiana Infection at a Children's Hospital". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 27 (6): 586–592. doi:10.1086/506483. JSTOR 10.1086/506483.
^ Nuccio, Sean-Paul; Baumler, Andreas (2014). "Comparative Analysis of Salmonella Genomes Identifies a Metabolic Network for Escalating Growth in the Inflamed Gut". mBio. 5 (2): e00929–14. doi:10.1128/mBio.00929-14.
^ http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/salmonellanom.html
^ http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/Salmonella/
^ Feasey, Nicholas A.; Dougan, Gordon; Kingsley, Robert A.; Heyderman, Robert S.; Gordon, Melita A. (2012). "Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa". The Lancet. 379: 2489–99. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61752-2.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 腸チフスの疫学、微生物学、臨床症状、および診断 epidemiology microbiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of typhoid fever
2. 腸チフスの治療および予防 treatment and prevention of typhoid fever
3. 腸チフスの病因 pathogenesis of typhoid fever
4. 中央アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to central africa
5. サルモネラ症の微生物学および疫学 microbiology and epidemiology of salmonellosis

English Journal

Erratum for Parry et al., Clinically and Microbiologically Derived Azithromycin Susceptibility Breakpoints for Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A.

Parry CM1, Thieu NT2, Dolecek C3, Karkey A4, Gupta R5, Turner P6, Dance D7, Maude RR8, Ha V9, Tran CN9, Thi PL10, Be BP10, Phi LT11, Ngoc RN11, Ghose A12, Dongol S4, Campbell JI3, Thanh DP2, Thanh TH2, Moore CE13, Sona S14, Gaind R5, Deb M5, Anh HV10, Van SN9, Tinh HT3, Day NP15, Dondorp A15, Thwaites G3, Faiz MA16, Phetsouvanh R7, Newton P17, Basnyat B4, Farrar JJ3, Baker S18.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2015 Jul;59(7):4364. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01014-15.
PMID 26071570

Feverlike Temperature is a Virulence Regulatory Cue Controlling the Motility and Host Cell Entry of Typhoidal Salmonella.

Elhadad D1, McClelland M2, Rahav G3, Gal-Mor O1.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2015 Jul 1;212(1):147-56. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu663. Epub 2014 Dec 9.
Human infection with typhoidal Salmonella serovars causes a febrile systemic disease, termed enteric fever. Here we establish that in response to a temperature equivalent to fever (39°C-42°C) Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Sendai significantly attenuate their motility, epithe
PMID 25492917

Impact of Cell-free Supernatant of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Putrescine and Other Polyamine Formation by Foodborne Pathogens in Ornithine Decarboxylase Broth.

Ozogul F1, Tabanelli G2, Toy N3, Gardini F2,4.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.J Agric Food Chem.2015 Jun 24;63(24):5828-35. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02410. Epub 2015 Jun 12.
Conversion of ornithine to putrescine by Salmonella Paratyphi A, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was investigated in ornithine decarboxylase broth (ODB) using cell-free supernatants (CFSs) obtained from Leuconostoc mesenterodies subsp. cremoris, Pediococcus acidil
PMID 26043863

Japanese Journal

チフス菌・パラチフス菌の薬剤感受性に関する3年間の検討

山田浩司,目崎和久,永松麻希 [他]
日本臨床微生物学雑誌 = The journal of the Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology 25(2), 92-98, 2015
NAID 40020425917

Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella spp.: Nationwide Multicenter Study in Korea

Lee Ja Young,Kim Jeong A.,Jeong Haeng Soon [他],Shin Jeong Hwan,Chang Chulhun L.,Jeong Joseph,Cho Ji-Hyun,Kim Mi-Na,Kim Sunjoo,Kim Young Ree,Lee Chae Hoon,Lee Kyungwon,Lee Mi Ae,Lee Wee Gyo,Shin Jong Hee,Lee Jeong Nyeo
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 66(4), 284-289, 2013
… The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of various serotypes and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing features of Salmonella strains and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of 256 Salmonella strains other than Salmonella serotype Typhi, which were isolated at 12 university hospitals in Korea. … We identified 46 serotypes of Salmonella spp. …
NAID 130003381689

症例報告ニューキノロン低感受性パラチフスの一例

服部雄介,糸山智,中井達郎 [他]
逓信医学 64(2), 137-140, 2012-03
NAID 40019279843

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A」「パラチフス菌」
拡張検索	「Salmonella paratyphi A」

「Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A」

Salmonella enterica
	Salmonella Typhimurium colonies on a Hektoen enteric agar plate
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Salmonella
Species:	S. enterica
Subspecies:	S. e. subsp. enterica
Trinomial name
	Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica;
Serovar
	Salmonella Choleraesuis; Salmonella Dublin; Salmonella Enteritidis; Salmonella Heidelberg; Salmonella Paratyphi; Salmonella Typhi; Salmonella Typhimurium;

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パラチフスA菌

関: Salmonella paratyphi、Salmonella paratyphi A

「パラチフス菌」

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ラ: Salmonella paratyphi
関: パラチフスA菌

「Salmonella paratyphi A」

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