SUV

英

standardized uptake value

関

[[]]

(2)

定義

• PETカメラで測定した集積放射能（減衰補正後）をその人の体重1kg当たりの投与放射能で割った値。
• 人の比重を1と仮定し、投与したFDGが均等分布したときの放射能濃度を1とする。当該組織1ml当たりのFDGの集積濃度比

特徴・問題

• 吸収補正の違いによって差異が出る。
• CTを吸収補正に使用する方が外部線源を使用するより数%SUV値が高くなる。
• ソフト的にエネルギー換算しているCTを吸収補正に使用する方が、再現性や定量性には優れるが、真のSUV値という観点からすると疑問は残る。
• 部分容積効果によりサイズの小さなものは過小評価しうる。

参考

• 1. http://www.asca-co.com/nuclear/2009/08/post-20.html
• 2. http://nv-med.mtpro.jp/jsrt/pdf/2006/62_6/781.pdf

WordNet

1. the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)s

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. sulfurの化学記号 / {略}South[ern]

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/31 05:36:33」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

シボレー・タホ

フォード・エクスペディション

ダッジ・デュランゴ

ジープ・グランドチェロキー

スポーツ・ユーティリティ・ビークル（英語: Sport Utility Vehicle）とは、自動車の形態の一つ。「スポーツ用多目的車」と訳すことができる。通常はSUVと略すことが多い。本稿においても、以下SUVと記す。

3ドアと5ドアがあり、5ドア車の一部の車種では3列目の座席をもつものもある。

歴史

スポーツ・ユーティリティ・ビークルの「スポーツ」とは、スポーツアクティビティー、つまり人間の娯楽的な活動（サーフィン、スキー、キャンプなど）を指す。

アメリカでの自動車のジャンルの呼び方のひとつとして、政府各省や保険会社でも使われる一般的な用語である。ミニバンやRV（アメリカでの本来の意味はキャンピングトレーラーやモーターホームを指す）などと同様、あくまでも用途上での分類であるため、必ずしも「四輪駆動」である必要はなく、駆動方式など、クルマの構成、構造による定義は難しい。 あえて定義するならば、元来の、つまり狭義のSUVとは、

1. アメリカ生まれ
2. はしご形フレームを持つ
3. 荷台にシェルと呼ばれるFRP製のハードトップを載せた、ピックアップトラックのスタイルを模したクルマ

となる。

ウィリス・ジープ・ステーションワゴン（英語版）やカイザー・ジープ・ワゴニア（英語版）が誕生した時代には、まだSUVの概念は定着しておらず、後年、さかのぼってSUVとしてカテゴライズされている。これらは当初から乗用車として開発され、特にワゴニアは、4枚のドアを持ち、高級ステーションワゴンにも劣らない装備と仕上がりを誇っており、後に登場するビッグスリーのSUVとは一線を画していた。

ピックアップが好まれる北米市場では、この手のクルマには、元となったピックアップに近いスタイルを与えることが販売上有利であり、不可欠となる。フォード・ブロンコは、オフロード走行に適したコイルリジッドのフロントサスペンションと専用ボディーを持ち、理想的なクロスカントリーカーとしてデビューした。しかし、販売は芳しくなく、2代目へのモデルチェンジの際、同社のピックアップであるF-150と同様の車体とサスペンションとなった。高い志と先進性を失ったにもかかわらず、販売面では一転して大ヒットとなった、という例もある。

日本車では、古くから北米市場へピックアップトラックを輸出していた二大メーカーの、N60系ハイラックスサーフとD21型系テラノが本来のSUVの解釈どおりで、2ドアであること、ピックアップ同様のフロントマスクで室内高が低いこと、取ってつけたような荷室の屋根（ハイラックスのFRP製シェル）や窓（テラノの三角形の窓）を持つこと、跳ねるような硬いスプリングを持つことが特徴である。この2車が日本国内で販売された際には、国内の事情に合わせ、スプリングは柔らかく変更され、ディーゼルエンジンがメインとなっている。さらにハイラックス・サーフにいたっては、維持費の低い小型貨物（4ナンバー登録の商用車）中心のラインナップとし、決して利便性に優れたクルマではなかったにもかかわらず、大きな成功を収めた。

アメリカのビッグスリーは以前は、小型ピックアップトラックを国内生産しておらず、日本車とバッティングすることもなかったため、このクラスの輸入関税は低く設定されており、日本製乗用車の輸入台数を制限する代わりの、一種の優遇措置でもあった。後にこれらのピックアップトラックをベースとした2ドアまでのハードトップ（ボンネットワゴン）にも優遇措置が認められたことにより、それまでSUVを手がけたことのない日本のメーカーが参入することとなり、低価格とスポーティーな雰囲気が受け、一大市場へと発展した。

その後ビッグスリーが小型ピックアップと小型SUVの生産に本腰を入れるようになり、2ドア優遇措置が廃止されると、トヨタと日産はこぞって4ドアモデルをメインとしたラインナップへ変更した。この機を逃さず日本のほとんどの自動車メーカーがこのジャンルに参入し、競争が激化することで商品力は急速に高まっていった。ホンダとスバルはフレーム式のシャシやFRのコンポーネントを持っていなかったことから、自力での開発を諦め、両社ともいすゞと提携することになった。

キャデラック・エスカレード

リンカーン・ナビゲーター

レクサス LX570

ランドローバー・レンジローバー

メルセデス・ベンツ・Gクラス

ランドクルーザー200

レクサス・LXやランドローバー・レンジローバー、メルセデス・ベンツ・Gクラス (ゲレンデバーゲン)などの高級マーケットでの成功により、それまで「無風地帯」だったビッグスリーのフルサイズSUVにもキャデラック、リンカーンなどの高級ディビジョンが参入し、もとよりエントリークラスの位置づけであったサターンまでもがSUVを発表するに至り、もはや全米でのブームは決定的となった。

車種の分類基準の不明確さと共に、日本においてSUVを定義することの妨げとなっているのは、国内では、それまで「四駆」と呼ばれていたものが、マーケティングの都合で「4WD」、「オフロード車」、「クロカン車」、「RV」、「SUV」と短期間に呼び名を変えられて来たことが原因となっている。

本来軍用車を発端とするクロスカントリービークル（ジープなど）が乗用車化・高級化し、ピックアップ発祥のSUVが、荷台シェルのボディ一体化（メタルトップ化）や4ドア化したことによって、時代とともに互いに歩み寄り、1990年代からは同じSUVの範疇と考えられるようになった。しかしSUVを「スペース・ユーティリティー・ビークル」の略と曲解し、ミニバンも含めて用いる例があるが、これは上記出自からも誤りである。

SUVとオフロード車、または4WDも必ずしもイコールではなく、米国では、販売台数の増加に伴い、2WDモデルの比率が高まっている。山間部や降雪地の多い日本では、もしものときの「保険」的な考えで4WDが好まれる傾向があった。

かつて四輪駆動、4WDと呼ばれたものが非舗装路（オフロード・グラベル）の走破性に重きを置いていたのに対し、SUVはこれに加えて舗装路（オンロード、ターマック）での運動性能も重視して開発されている。しかし、明らかにオフロード重視でありながら、販売上の都合でSUVとされている車種も少なからず存在し、これも混乱の原因となっている。

また最近の乗用車ベースで、SUV風のスタイリングと快適性を訴求したクロスオーバーSUVの登場により、SUVの定義も「ピックアップあがり」から、高級乗用車へのシフトが見られる。1990年代後半のトヨタ・ハリアー（レクサス・RX）の成功以来、BMW、ボルボ、アウディ、そしてポルシェなど、背の高いクルマとは無縁であった高級車メーカーや高級車ブランドが次々にクロスオーバーSUVを製造するようになった。

また、さほど背が高くなく、見た目もステーションワゴンやハッチバックと大きく違わないため、通常クロスオーバーSUVとは呼ばれず、単にクロスオーバーと呼ばれる車もある。これらは主に米国において高い悪路走破性が認められて成功したスバル・レガシィアウトバックと、それに追従したボルボ、アウディなどといった欧州メーカーの、グランツーリスモ的なラグジュアリーワゴンの相次ぐ登場と隆盛がその礎となっている。

クロスオーバーSUVが、SUV譲りのシーンを選ばない走行性能と、高いデザイン性を両立しようとする試みの中から生まれた点が否めない一方、一部に、悪路走破の能力もなく、全高も最低地上高もさほど高くないが、SUV風のボディデザインを纏い、クロスオーバーを名乗るファッション性のみを追求するようなものも生まれている。また、アメリカでは2000年代後半以降、形状はミニバンとさほど変わらないが、販売戦略上有利とみなされてクロスオーバーを名乗るような車や、ミニバンの後継車のデザインをクロスオーバーSUVスタイルにした車も増えており、これもマーケットの拡大に便乗したものと見られる。

フルサイズSUV

• ウィリス・ジープ・ステーションワゴン
  （1946 - 1965）

• ジープ・ワゴニア
  / ジープ・グランドワゴニア
  （1963 - 1991）

• ジープ・チェロキー (SJ)
  1974 - 1983

• シボレー・ブレイザー
  （1969 - 1994）

• フォード・ブロンコ
  （1966 - 1996）

• ダッジ・ラムチャージャー
  （1974 - 1993）

スモールサイズSUV

• ジープ・チェロキー (XJ)
  （1984 - 2001年）

• シボレー・S10ブレイザー

• フォード・ブロンコII

SUVの欠点

元になったピックアップは、牽引のため、低回転域での大トルクが必要なことや、北米市場の好みから、排気量の大きなエンジンを搭載しているものが多く、SUVもその特徴を引き継いでおり、さらに、車体価格が高く、もしくは、頑丈なフレームや足回りの重量と、追加された駆動系の抵抗など、燃費が悪化する要因が多い。

衝突安全性は、車体が大きい分、頑丈なフレームを搭載でき、またクラッシャブルゾーンなども大きくとれるため高くなる。たとえば、スバルのSUVは日米欧でトップレベルの評価を受けている。その一方で、質量が大きくなるため、衝突相手が軽自動車など質量が小さい車であると、運動量保存の法則により相手を吹き飛ばしてしまい、大きなダメージを与えてしまう。

エクスプローラーとファイアストンタイヤの相性問題から事故が急増した結果、保険料は大幅に引き上げられることになった。これには車重の大きさによる相手のダメージの大きさも関係している。

国土交通省の調べでは、一般の自動車に比べて最低地上高や車高が高く、視界が広くなるため運転しやすいことから、運転に自信のない人や初心運転者に人気が高いとされる。さらにトヨタ店の資料によると年齢的には20歳代、30歳代の交通事故発生率の最も多い若年層に人気が高いとされており、これら諸々の事情からSUVに対する危険を呼びかける場合が多々ある（車重の大きさも原因）。 また、同じ理由（車高が高い）から、かつては立体駐車場に駐車できないことが多く、SUVは路上駐車を助長する要因の一つにもなっていたが、近年はSUV以上に背の高い軽トールワゴンなども出てきており、駐車場側の改善も進んだ。

アイルランドのダブリンにあるトリニティカレッジの研究者シムズ講師らによると、米国から取り寄せた重大事故に関するデータを分析した結果、SUVはボンネットなど車体前部が乗用車より高く、歩行者と衝突した場合、歩行者が頭部や腹部などにより深刻な衝撃を受ける恐れがある。1990年代前半から日本などでアクセサリーとしてグリルガード（カンガルーバー、アニマルバー、ブッシュバーともよばれる）を装備することが流行ったが、対人衝突時の危険性が指摘され、プラスティック製の形だけのものへと代わり、現在ではそれも見られなくなっている。

各社の商標・ネーミング

SUVには上記のようなネガティブなイメージがある、あるいは他社製品と差別化したいなどの理由から、現在BMWのみSAV（Sports Activity Vehicle）という名称を使用している。さらにスバル（富士重工業）は乗用車種「レガシィ」をベースにしたワゴンタイプのクロスオーバーSUV｢スバル・レガシィアウトバック｣にSUW（Sports Utility Wagon）という独自の呼称を用いている。そしてヒュンダイ・ベラクルスはLUV（Luxury Utility Vehicle）を名乗っている。ほか、乗用車種のシャーシを使用している、または高級志向の強いものに対してCUV（Cross-over Utility Vehicle）という呼称を用いるジャーナリストもいる。さらに、キャッチコピーとしてではあるがトゥーソンixの韓国向けCMでは"Sexy Utility Vehicle"と言う語が登場した。

また、個別の車種についても、"CR-V"（Comfortable Runabout-Vehicle）、ボルボ"XC（X《=cross》 Country）"、レクサス"GX（Grand Cross-over）"など、似たコンセプトの名称を使う車種が多い。

一方で、米国に限られるが、スポーツ性や居住性を重視したスペシャリティーピックアップトラックをSUT（Sport utility truck）、CUT（Crossover utility truck）などと呼んでいる。

車種

• Category:スポーツ・ユーティリティ・ビークルを参照。

参考文献

• キース・ブラッドシャー　『SUVが世界を轢きつぶす―世界一危険なクルマが売れるわけ』　片岡夏実訳、築地書館、2004年、ISBN 4-8067-1280-9。

脚注

関連項目

• クロスオーバーSUV
• ステーションワゴン
• ピックアップトラック
• スポーツユーティリティトラック

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"SUV" redirects here. For other uses, see SUV (disambiguation).

The 1984-2001 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) was among one of the first SUVs to be introduced

A sport utility vehicle (SUV, sometimes called a sports utility wagon) is a passenger vehicle designed to carry passengers in a traditional front and back seat configuration, as well as provide additional cargo capacity in the form of a two-box design with shared passenger/cargo volume with rear cargo access via a liftgate, rather than a separate lower-height trunk (or 'boot') cargo space with a horizontal lid. It typically has a tall interior including a full-height cargo area, an A-B-C-D pillar design, high H-point seating and a higher view-angle of the road, and flexibility to allow configurations that favor either passenger or cargo volume, e.g., fold-down rear seats.

Definitions & Classification

Dictionary: According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a "sport utility vehicle" is "a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station wagon but built on a light-truck chassis". The "SUV" term is defined as "a large vehicle that is designed to be used on rough surfaces but that is often used on city roads or highways." The "SUV" acronym "is still used to describe nearly anything with available all-wheel drive and raised ground clearance."

Common Usage: However, while car experts distinguish between SUVs and crossovers based on underlying structure (the former is built on a truck chassis with 'body-on-frame' design; the latter on a car platform with unibody construction), in practice consumers refer to many crossovers as "SUVs" based on appearance and configuration. Early on, the SUV label was also associated with four-wheel drive (either full-time all-wheel drive or on-demand "2x4") and increased ground clearance, for both on- and off-road ability, but again the distinction has faded in consumer as well as marketing usage. Examples of crossovers typically referred to as SUVs include the Ford Explorer, Toyota Highlander, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Nissan Pathfinder, Lexus RX, and Acura RDX. Some SUVs include towing capacity, with an add-on trailer hitch package providing the towing capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan or large sedan.

North America

There are a number of definitions for an SUV. Most government regulations simply have categories for "off-highway vehicles," which in turn are lumped in with pickup trucks and minivans as light trucks." The auto industry has not settled on one definition.

Nevertheless, four-wheel-drive SUVs are considered light trucks in North America (and two-wheel-drive SUVs up to the 2011 model year) where they were regulated less strictly than passenger cars under two laws in the United States, the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for fuel economy, and the Clean Air Act for emissions. Starting in 2004, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to hold sport utility vehicles to the same tailpipe emissions standards as cars. However, most people who own an SUV would usually call it a car instead of a truck because it is very similar to a Station Wagon and good for family trips as it became popular with families.

Many people question "how can an SUV be called a truck?" Although the original definition of the "light truck" classification included pickups and delivery vans, usually SUVs and minivans are included in this category because these vehicles are designed to "permit greater cargo-carrying capacity than passenger carrying volume. Manufacturing, emissions, and safety regulations in the U.S. classify "an SUV is a truck"; however, for local licensing and traffic enforcement, "an SUV may be a truck or a car" because the classification of these vehicles varies from state to state. For industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment.

Other markets

The term is not used in all countries, and outside North America the terms "off-road vehicle", "four-wheel drive" or "four-by-four" (abbreviated to "4WD" or "4×4") or simply use of the brand name to describe the vehicle like "Jeep" or "Land Rover" are more common.

In Europe, the term SUV has a similar meaning, but being newer than in the U.S. it only applies to the newer street oriented one, whereas "Jeep", "Land Rover" or 4x4 are used for the off-roader oriented ones. Not all SUVs have four-wheel drive capabilities, and not all four-wheel-drive passenger vehicles are SUVs. Although some SUVs have off-road capabilities, they often play only a secondary role, and SUVs often do not have the ability to switch among two-wheel and four-wheel-drive high gearing and four-wheel-drive low gearing. While automakers tout an SUV's off-road prowess with advertising and naming, the daily use of SUVs is largely on paved roads.

In India, all SUVs are classified in the "Utility Vehicle" category per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) definitions and carry a 27% excise tax. Those that are 4 metres (157 inches) long, have a 1,500 cc (92 cu in) engine or larger, along with 170 mm (6.7 in) of ground clearance, are subject to a 30% excise duty.

Designs

Although designs vary, SUVs were built with a body-on-frame chassis similar to that found on light trucks. Early SUVs were mostly two-door models, and often available with removable tops. Most SUVs are two-box design featuring an engine compartment with a combined passenger and cargo compartment, as in a station wagon body. Mid-size and full-size SUVs have two of three rows of seats with a cargo area directly behind the last row of seats.

The original 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) made by American Motors combined passenger car comfort features with truck chassis strength in a unibody structure for ease of driving in difficult conditions, at the same time establishing the modern SUV market segment and is to a large extent responsible for its growth during the late-1980s and early-1990s. The compact-sized XJ Cherokee was available in both two- and four-door versions, becoming one of the most popular SUVs ever made with over 2.8 million built between 1984 and 2001.

Consumer demand pushed the SUV market towards four doors, and by 2002 all full-size two-door SUVs were gone from the market but for the Mitsubishi Pajero short wheel base (SWB) which is still on the market in 2016<http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.za/vehicle/pajero-legend-ii-special/>. The Jeep Wrangler remained as a compact two-door body style, and was also joined by a four-door variant starting with the 2007 model year, the Wrangler Unlimited. Another trend was that the SUV label "brought up negative associations with large size and poor gas mileage" of the body-on-frame versions causing automakers to repurpose their volume production passenger car platforms with tall interior packaging, configurations for either passenger or cargo, higher ground-clearance, and even all-wheel-drive capability that became known as crossover vehicles offering "the practicality of an SUV to the drivability and fuel efficiency of a car."

SUVs are known for high ground clearance, upright, boxy body, and high H-point. This can make them more susceptible to dangerous roll over due to their high center of gravity. For example; although built on the same platform, the BMW X5 SUV has higher rollover risk of 17.4% compared to the 9.3% of the BMW 5 Series sedan.

Mini SUV

Main article: Mini sport utility vehicle

A mini SUV (also called subcompact SUV or subcompact crossover) is a class of small sport utility vehicles. The term usually applies to crossovers based on a supermini (B-segment cars in Europe) platform.

Compact SUV

Main article: Compact sport utility vehicle

A compact SUV is a class of smaller SUVs that are commonly built with less cargo and passenger space, and often with smaller engines resulting in better fuel economy, the term is often interchangeable with crossover SUV.

Mid-size SUV

A mid-size SUV is a class of medium-size SUVs whose size typically falls between that of a full-size and a compact SUV. This term is not commonly used outside North America, where fullsize and midsize SUVs are considered similar.

Full-size SUV

A full-size SUV is a class of large-size SUVs that are most often larger than midsize SUVs. They have greater cargo and passenger space than midsize SUVs. Full Size SUVs are usually given higher safety ratings than their smaller counterparts.

Extended-length SUV

An extended length SUV, also sometimes called a long-wheel based SUV, are vehicles that are similar to a full-size SUV, except that these vehicles have a larger cargo area (around 130 in (3.30 m)) and passenger space that can seat up to 8 or 9 people (with the available third row seating that when folded or removed adds more cargo space). Although these extended length SUVs are mostly sold in North America because of their size and the roads are made and designed differently, they can also be found in other countries, exported to such places like The Philippines and The Middle East. The vehicles are 221 in (5.61 m) to 223 in (5.66 m) in length and can be distinguished by the rear wheel area not touching the rear doors.

History

Origins

Early SUVs were descendants from commercial and military vehicles as the World War II Jeep and Land Rover.

The earliest examples of longer-wheelbase wagon-type SUVs were the Chevrolet Carryall Suburban (1935, RWD only), GAZ-61 (1938, 4×4), Willys Jeep Station Wagon (1948), Pobeda M-72 (GAZ-M20/1955), which Russian references credit as possibly being the first modern SUV (with unitary body rather than body-on-frame), International Harvester Travelall (1953), Land Rover Series II 109 (1958), and the International Harvester Scout 80 (1961). These were followed by the more 'modern' Jeep Wagoneer (1963), International Harvester Scout II (1971), Ford Bronco (1966), Toyota Land Cruiser FJ-55 (1968), the Chevrolet Blazer/GMC Jimmy (1969), and the Land Rover Range Rover (1970). The actual term "sport utility vehicle" did not come into wide popular usage until the late 1980s; many of these vehicles were marketed during their era as station wagons.

According to Robert Casey, the transportation curator at the Henry Ford Museum, the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) was the first true sport utility vehicle in the modern understanding of the term. Developed under the leadership of AMC's François Castaing and marketed to urban families as a substitute for a traditional car (and especially station wagons, which were still fairly popular at the time), the Cherokee had four-wheel drive in a more manageable size (compared to the full-size Wagoneer), as well as a plush interior resembling a station wagon. With the introduction of more luxurious models and a much more powerful 4-liter engine, sales of the Cherokee increased even higher as the price of gasoline fell, and the term "sport utility vehicle" began to be used in the national press for the first time. "The advent and immediate success of AMC/Jeep's compact four-door Cherokee turned the truck industry upside down."

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard was ratified in the 1970s to regulate the fuel economy of passenger vehicles. Car manufacturers evaded the regulation by selling SUVs as work vehicles. The popularity of SUV increased among urban drivers in the last 25 years, and particularly in the last decade. Consequently, modern SUVs are available with luxury vehicle features, and some crossover models adopt lower ride heights to accommodate on-road driving.

Keith Bradsher explained the rise of the SUV with American Motors' (AMC) lobbying the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for a waiver of the United States Clean Air Act. The EPA subsequently designated AMC's compact Cherokee as a "light truck", and the company marketed the vehicle to everyday drivers. AMC's effort to affect rulemaking changing the official definition of their new model then led to the SUV boom when other auto makers marketed their own models in response to the Cherokee taking sales from their regular cars.

Jeep Cherokee: SUV trendsetter as designed by AMC

Popularity

SUVs became popular in the United States, Canada, India and Australia in the 1990s and early-2000s. U.S. automakers could enjoy profit margins of $10,000 per SUV, while losing a few hundred dollars on a compact car. For example, the Ford Excursion could net the company $18,000, while they could not break even with the Ford Focus unless the buyer chose options, leading Detroit's big three automakers to focus on SUVs over small cars.

The higher cost of union labor in the U.S. and Canada compared to the lower wages of non-union workers at non-U.S. companies like Toyota, made it unprofitable for American auto makers to build small cars in the U.S. For example, the General Motors factory in Arlington, Texas where rear-wheel-drive cars were built, such as the Chevrolet Caprice, Buick Roadmaster, and Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham was converted to truck and SUV production, putting an end to full-size family station wagon and overall terminating production of rear-wheel drive full-size cars. Due to the shift in the Big Three's strategy, many long-running cars like the Ford Taurus, Buick Century and Pontiac Grand Prix fell behind their Japanese competitors in features and image (relying more on fleet sales instead of retail and/or heavy incentive discounts); some were discontinued.

A crash test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety shows the damage to a compact Ford Focus struck by a Ford Explorer SUV

Buyers were drawn to SUVs' large cabins, higher ride height, and perceived safety. Full-size SUVs often offered features such as three-row seating, to effectively replace full-size station wagons and minivans. Wagons were seen as old-fashioned. Additionally, full-size SUVs have greater towing capabilities than conventional cars, and can haul trailers, travel trailers (caravans) and boats. Increased ground clearance is useful in climates with heavy snowfall. The very low oil prices of the 1990s helped to keep down running costs. The SUV was one of the most popular choices of vehicle for female drivers in the U.S. The 1990 Ford Explorer was also popular despite it being one of several Ford SUV models described as "dangerous vehicles" through the 2000s. By 1994, SUVs outsold minivans in the United States although they were also not ranked high in safety. Peaking in the late-1990s and early to mid-2000s, SUVs sales temporarily declined due to high oil prices and a declining economy. The traditional truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted by the crossover SUV, which uses an automobile platform for lighter weight and better fuel efficiency.

Social scientists have drawn on popular folklore such as urban legends to illustrate how marketers have been able to capitalize on the feelings of strength and security offered by SUVs. Popular tales include narratives where mothers save the family from armed robbery and other incidents by taking the automobile off road, for example.

In Australia, SUV sales were helped by the fact that SUVs had much lower import duty than passenger cars did, so that they cost less than similarly equipped imported sedans. However, this gap was gradually narrowed, and in January 2010 the import duty on cars was lowered to match the 5 percent duty on SUVs.

Sales of SUVs and other light trucks fell in the mid-2000s because of high oil prices and declining economy. In June 2008, General Motors announced plans to close four truck and SUV plants, including the Oshawa Truck Assembly. The company cited decreased sales of large vehicles in the wake of rising fuel prices. The business model of focusing on SUVs and light trucks, at the expense of more fuel-efficient compact and midsized cars, is blamed for declining sales and profits among Detroit's Big Three automakers since the mid–late-2000s. The Big Three were slower to adapt than their Japanese rivals in producing small cars to meet growing demand due to inflexible manufacturing facilities, which made it unprofitable to build small cars. However, starting in 2010 SUV and light truck sales have started an upward trend due to lower gas prices and a revival of the North American economy. In 2013, General Motors saw its sales for its large SUVs increased by 74%, making them the largest producer of SUVs in the United States. However, the "small and compact SUVs, when compared with other vehicles in the light truck segment, has made this vehicle segment the third highest selling vehicle segment in the automotive market in 2013." With the redesigned GM and Ford large SUVs being introduced in 2014 (for the 2015 model year), it has seen a slight resurgence among consumers due to better fuel economy and new engines, along with updated and newer features.

Use in remote areas

SUVs are sometimes driven off-road on farms and in remote areas of such places as the Australian Outback, Africa, the Middle East, Alaska, Canada, Iceland, South America, Russia and parts of Asia which have limited paved roads and require a vehicle to have all-terrain handling, increased range, and storage capacity. The scarcity of spare parts and the need to carry out repairs quickly resulted in the popularity of vehicles with the bare minimum of electric and hydraulic systems, such as the basic versions of the Land Rover, Jeep Wrangler, Nissan Patrol and Toyota Land Cruiser. SUVs for urban driving have traditionally been developed from their more rugged all-terrain counterparts. For example, the Hummer H1 was developed from the HMMWV, originally developed for the military of the United States.

As many SUV owners never used the off-road capabilities of their vehicle, newer SUVs (including crossovers) now have lower ground clearance and suspension designed primarily for paved roads.

Some buyers choose SUVs because they have more interior space than sedans of similar sizes. In areas with gravel roads in summer and snow and ice in winter, four-wheel drives offer a safety advantage due to their traction advantages under these conditions.

The sport utility vehicles have also gained popularity in some areas of Mexico, especially in desert areas or in cities where drivers frequently encounter potholes, detours, high water and rough roads. Increasing use is also attributed to the high number of dirt roads outside major population centers, resulting in washboard and mud in the rainy seasons.

Use in recreation and motorsport

Some highly modified SUVs, together with their more rugged off-road counterparts, are also used to explore places otherwise unreachable by other vehicles. In Australia, China, Europe, South Africa, South America and the United States at least, 4WD clubs have been formed for this purpose. Modified SUVs also take part in races, including the Paris-Dakar Rally, the Baja racing series, TREC events, King of the Hammers in California and the Australian Outback.

The Trophee Andros ice-racing series is another competition where SUVs participate as well.

Many 4×4 mud racing events and other activities take place throughout the US organized by clubs and associations.

Luxury SUV

Numerous luxury vehicles in the form of SUVs and pickup trucks are being produced. Luxury SUV is principally a marketing term to sell fancier vehicles that may have higher performance, comfort, technology, or brand image. The term lacks both measurability and verifiability, and it is applied to a broad range of SUV sizes and types.

Nevertheless, the marketing category was created in 1966 with Kaiser Jeep's luxurious Super Wagoneer. It was the first SUV to offer a V8 engine, automatic transmission, and luxury car trim and equipment in a serious off-road model. It came with bucket seating, air conditioning, sun roof, and even a vinyl roof. Land Rover followed suit in 1970 by introducing the Range Rover. The trend continued with other competitors adding comfort features to their rudimentary and truck-based models.

The production of luxury models increased in the late-1990s with vehicles such as the Lincoln Navigator and Cadillac Escalade. These luxury SUVs generated higher profit margins than non-luxury SUVs did. For some auto makers, luxury SUVs were the first SUV models they produced. Some of these models are not traditional SUVs based on light truck as they are classified as crossovers.

The luxury SUV class encompasses both smaller 5-passenger SUVs and larger 7-passenger SUVs, with luxury features both inside of the cabin but also in the outside. Buyers looking for a luxury vehicle that offers more cargo capacity than a sedan may prefer a luxury SUV. This is also a vehicle aimed for those who prefer an SUV with a little more style.

Luxury SUVs typically offer the most expected safety features including side airbags, ABS and traction control, and many of them also come with electronic stability control, crash resistant door pillars, dynamic head restraints and back-up sensing systems.

The U.S. News & World Report Rankings and Reviews ranks premium midsize SUVs and crossovers based on an in-depth analysis by its editors of published auto ratings, reviews and test drives. Ranking is based on the score on performance, exterior, interior, safety, and reliability obtained by the vehicles.

Other names

SUVs such as the Range Rover are sometimes referred to as "Toorak tractors" in Australia, referencing the affluent Melbourne suburb of Toorak

The Tata SUV In New South Mumbai

In Australia and New Zealand, the term SUV is not widely used, except by motoring organizations, the press, and industry bodies. Passenger class vehicles designed for off-road use are known as 'four-wheel drives', '4WDs', or '4×4s'. Some manufacturers do refer to their products as SUVs, but others invented names such as XUV, (HSV Avalanche XUV or GMC Envoy XUV) or action utility vehicles (AUVs). The term 'AWD', or all-wheel drive, is used for any vehicle which drives on all four wheels, but may not be designed for off-road use. 'Crossover' is a marketing term for a vehicle that is both four-wheel-drive and primarily a road car.

The pejorative term "Toorak Tractor" is used in Australia to describe vehicles such as Range Rovers used in wealthy urban areas where off-road ability is not required. The term alludes to the affluent Melbourne suburb of Toorak. It was used at least as early as the late 1980s. The equivalent term "Chelsea Tractor" became prominent in the United Kingdom around 2004 to describe vehicles such luxury SUVs used in urban areas such as Chelsea, London, where their four-wheel-drive capabilities are not required and the car is believed to be a status symbol rather than a necessity. The term "4×4" (four-by-four) is also common even for vehicles not used in urban areas. "AWD" is not commonly used in the UK. The less capable SUVs also pick up the name "soft-roader" because while they appear designed to go off road, in many cases they're not actually capable of it.

In Norway the term "Børstraktor" (Stock Exchange Tractor) serves a similar purpose.

In Finland the term "katumaasturi" is commonly used to designate SUVs. It roughly translates to street-off-roader, or street-4×4. This marks the difference with what is called "maasturi" which is a vehicle with off-road capability.

See also

• Car classification
• Criticism of sport utility vehicles
• Crossover SUV
• Esuvee
• Four-wheel drive
• High and Mighty (book)
• List of sport utility vehicles
• Mini SUV
• Off-road vehicle
• Recreational vehicle
• Station wagon
• Firestone and Ford tire controversy

References

Further reading

• Bradsher, Keith (2004). High and Mighty: SUVs—The World's Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-203-9. 
• Lauer, Josh (2005). "Driven to Extremes: Fear of Crime and the Rise of the Sport Utility Vehicle in the United States". Crime, Media, Culture. 1 (2): 149–168. OCLC 201726443. 
• Penenberg, Adam (2003). Tragic Indifference: One Man's Battle with the Auto Industry over the Dangers of SUVs. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-06-009058-8. 
• "Vehicle Size and Weight: Bigger, Heavier Vehicles Protect their Occupants Better". Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Retrieved 26 March 2016. 

External links

• Media related to Sport utility vehicle (category) at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of sport utility vehicle at Wiktionary

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