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| Solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | |||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||
| Symbols | SLC1A2 ; EAAT2; GLT-1; HBGT | ||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 600300 MGI: 101931 HomoloGene: 3075 ChEMBL: 4973 GeneCards: SLC1A2 Gene | ||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | |||||||||||||
| More reference expression data | |||||||||||||
| Orthologs | |||||||||||||
| Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||
| Entrez | 6506 | 20511 | |||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000110436 | ENSMUSG00000005089 | |||||||||||
| UniProt | P43004 | P43006 | |||||||||||
| RefSeq (mRNA) | NM_001195728 | NM_001077514 | |||||||||||
| RefSeq (protein) | NP_001182657 | NP_001070982 | |||||||||||
| Location (UCSC) | Chr 11: 35.25 – 35.42 Mb |
Chr 2: 102.66 – 102.79 Mb |
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| PubMed search | [1] | [2] | |||||||||||
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Excitatory amino-acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) also known as solute carrier family 1 member 2 (SLC1A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A2 gene.[1][2] Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known.[2]
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Clinical significance
- 3 Interactions
- 4 As a drug target
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
FunctionEdit
SLC1A2 / EAAT2 is a member of a family of the solute carrier family of proteins. The membrane-bound protein is the principal transporter that clears the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate from the extracellular space at synapses in the central nervous system. Glutamate clearance is necessary for proper synaptic activation and to prevent neuronal damage from excessive activation of glutamate receptors.[2]
Clinical significanceEdit
Mutations in and decreased expression of this protein are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[2] The drug riluzole approved for the treatment of ALS upregulates EAAT2.[3]
Ceftriaxone, an antibiotic, has been shown to induce/enhance the expression of EAAT2, resulting in reduced glutamate activity.[4] Ceftriaxone has been shown to reduce the development and expression of tolerance to opiates and other drugs of abuse. EAAT2 may possess an important role in modulating drug addiction and tolerance.[5]
Upregulation of EAAT2(GLT-1) causes impairment of prepulse inhibition, a sensory gating deficit present in schizophrenics and schizophrenia animal models.[6][7] Some antipsychotics have been shown to reduce the expression of EAAT2.[8][9]
InteractionsEdit
SLC1A2 has been shown to interact with JUB.[10]
As a drug targetEdit
EAAT2/GLT-1, being the most abundant subtype of glutamate transporter in the CNS, plays a key role in regulation of glutamate transmission. Dysfunction of EAAT2 has been correlated with various pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, among others. Therefore, activators of the function or enhancers of the expression of EAAT2/GLT-1 could serve as a potential therapy for these conditions. Translational activators of EAAT2/GLT-1, such as ceftriaxone and LDN/OSU-0212320, have been described to have significant protective effects in animal models of ALS and epilepsy. In addition, pharmacological activators of the activity of EAAT2/GLT-1 have been explored for decades and are currently emerging as promising tools for neuroprotection, having potential advantages over expression activators.[11]
See alsoEdit
- Glutamate transporter
- Solute carrier family
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Pines G, Danbolt NC, Bjørås M, Zhang Y, Bendahan A, Eide L, Koepsell H, Storm-Mathisen J, Seeberg E, Kanner BI (Dec 1992). "Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter". Nature 360 (6403): 464–7. doi:10.1038/360464a0. PMID 1448170.
- ^ a b c d "Entrez Gene: SLC1A2 solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2".
- ^ Carbone M, Duty S, Rattray M (2012). "Riluzole elevates GLT-1 activity and levels in striatal astrocytes". Neurochem. Int. 60 (1): 31–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.10.017. PMC 3430367. PMID 22080156.
- ^ Lee SG, Su ZZ, Emdad L, Gupta P, Sarkar D, Borjabad A, Volsky DJ, Fisher PB (May 2008). "Mechanism of ceftriaxone induction of excitatory amino acid transporter-2 expression and glutamate uptake in primary human astrocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (19): 13116–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M707697200. PMC 2442320. PMID 18326497.
- ^ Reissner KJ, Kalivas PW (2010). "Using glutamate homeostasis as a target for treating addictive disorders". Behav Pharmacol 21 (5-6): 514–22. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833d41b2. PMC 2932669. PMID 20634691.
- ^ Bellesi M, Melone M, Gubbini A, Battistacci S, Conti F (2009). "GLT-1 upregulation impairs prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in adult rats". Glia 57 (7): 703–13. doi:10.1002/glia.20798. PMID 18985735.
- ^ Bellesi M, Conti F (2010). "The mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 blocks the effects of GLT-1 upregulation on prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in adult rats". Neuropsychopharmacology 35 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.225. PMC 3055342. PMID 20072121.
- ^ Schmitt A, Zink M, Petroianu G, May B, Braus DF, Henn FA (2003). "Decreased gene expression of glial and neuronal glutamate transporters after chronic antipsychotic treatment in rat brain". Neurosci. Lett. 347 (2): 81–4. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00653-0. PMID 12873733.
- ^ Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Torres-Ramos M, Melone M, Conti F, Matute C (2005). "Clozapine reduces GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake in astrocyte cultures". Glia 50 (3): 276–9. doi:10.1002/glia.20172. PMID 15739191.
- ^ Marie H, Billups D, Bedford FK, Dumoulin A, Goyal RK, Longmore GD, Moss SJ, Attwell D (February 2002). "The amino terminus of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 interacts with the LIM protein Ajuba". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 19 (2): 152–64. doi:10.1006/mcne.2001.1066. PMID 11860269.
- ^ Fontana AC (June 20, 2015). "Current approaches to enhance glutamate transporter function and expression.". J Neurochem. 134: 982–1007. doi:10.1111/jnc.13200. PMID 26096891.
Further readingEdit
- Wang Z, Trillo-Pazos G, Kim SY, Canki M, Morgello S, Sharer LR, Gelbard HA, Su ZZ, Kang DC, Brooks AI, Fisher PB, Volsky DJ (2004). "Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on astrocyte gene expression and function: potential role in neuropathogenesis". J. Neurovirol. 10. 10 Suppl 1: 25–32. doi:10.1080/jnv.10.s1.25.32. PMID 14982736.
- Arriza JL, Fairman WA, Wadiche JI, Murdoch GH, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG (1994). "Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex". J. Neurosci. 14 (9): 5559–69. PMID 7521911.
- Manfras BJ, Rudert WA, Trucco M, Boehm BO (1994). "Cloning and characterization of a glutamate transporter cDNA from human brain and pancreas". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1195 (1): 185–8. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(94)90026-4. PMID 7522567.
- Li X, Francke U (1995). "Assignment of the gene SLC1A2 coding for the human glutamate transporter EAAT2 to human chromosome 11 bands p13-p12". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 71 (3): 212–3. doi:10.1159/000134111. PMID 7587378.
- Shashidharan P, Wittenberg I, Plaitakis A (1994). "Molecular cloning of human brain glutamate/aspartate transporter II". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1191 (2): 393–6. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(94)90192-9. PMID 8172925.
- Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Anal. Biochem. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.
- Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA (1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Res. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.
- Milton ID, Banner SJ, Ince PG, Piggott NH, Fray AE, Thatcher N, Horne CH, Shaw PJ (1997). "Expression of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the human CNS: an immunohistochemical study". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 52 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00233-7. PMID 9450673.
- Shimamoto K, Lebrun B, Yasuda-Kamatani Y, Sakaitani M, Shigeri Y, Yumoto N, Nakajima T (1998). "DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate, a potent blocker of excitatory amino acid transporters". Mol. Pharmacol. 53 (2): 195–201. PMID 9463476.
- Lin CL, Bristol LA, Jin L, Dykes-Hoberg M, Crawford T, Clawson L, Rothstein JD (1998). "Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Neuron 20 (3): 589–602. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80997-6. PMID 9539131.
- Aoki M, Lin CL, Rothstein JD, Geller BA, Hosler BA, Munsat TL, Horvitz HR, Brown RH (1998). "Mutations in the glutamate transporter EAAT2 gene do not cause abnormal EAAT2 transcripts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Ann. Neurol. 43 (5): 645–53. doi:10.1002/ana.410430514. PMID 9585360.
- Trotti D, Aoki M, Pasinelli P, Berger UV, Danbolt NC, Brown RH, Hediger MA (2001). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked glutamate transporter mutant has impaired glutamate clearance capacity". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (1): 576–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003779200. PMID 11031254.
- Münch C, Schwalenstöcker B, Hermann C, Cirovic S, Stamm S, Ludolph A, Meyer T (2000). "Differential RNA cleavage and polyadenylation of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the human brain". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 80 (2): 244–51. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00139-X. PMID 11038258.
- Honig LS, Chambliss DD, Bigio EH, Carroll SL, Elliott JL (2000). "Glutamate transporter EAAT2 splice variants occur not only in ALS, but also in AD and controls". Neurology 55 (8): 1082–8. doi:10.1212/wnl.55.8.1082. PMID 11071482.
- Flowers JM, Powell JF, Leigh PN, Andersen P, Shaw CE (2001). "Intron 7 retention and exon 9 skipping EAAT2 mRNA variants are not associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Ann. Neurol. 49 (5): 643–9. doi:10.1002/ana.1029. PMID 11357955.
- Rimaniol AC, Mialocq P, Clayette P, Dormont D, Gras G (2001). "Role of glutamate transporters in the regulation of glutathione levels in human macrophages". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 281 (6): C1964–70. PMID 11698255.
- Tozaki H, Kanno T, Nomura T, Kondoh T, Kodama N, Saito N, Aihara H, Nagata T, Matsumoto S, Ohta K, Nagai K, Yajima Y, Nishizaki T (2001). "Role of glial glutamate transporters in the facilitatory action of FK960 on hippocampal neurotransmission". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 97 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(01)00304-7. PMID 11744157.
- Palmada M, Kinne-Saffran E, Centelles JJ, Kinne RK (2002). "Benzodiazepines differently modulate EAAT1/GLAST and EAAT2/GLT1 glutamate transporters expressed in CHO cells". Neurochem. Int. 40 (4): 321–6. doi:10.1016/S0197-0186(01)00087-0. PMID 11792462.
- Marie H, Billups D, Bedford FK, Dumoulin A, Goyal RK, Longmore GD, Moss SJ, Attwell D (2002). "The amino terminus of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 interacts with the LIM protein Ajuba". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 19 (2): 152–64. doi:10.1006/mcne.2001.1066. PMID 11860269.
- Reye P, Sullivan R, Fletcher EL, Pow DV (2002). "Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT1 in the retinas of humans, monkeys, rabbits, rats, cats, and chickens". J. Comp. Neurol. 445 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1002/cne.10095. PMID 11891650.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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English Journal
- Effect of early stress on hippocampal gray matter is influenced by a functional polymorphism in EAAT2 in bipolar disorder.
- Poletti S1, Locatelli C2, Radaelli D2, Lorenzi C2, Smeraldi E2, Colombo C2, Benedetti F2.
- Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry.Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2014 Jun 3;51:146-52. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 8.
- Current views on the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders focus on the interplay between genetic and environmental factors, with individual variation in vulnerability and resilience to hazards being part of the multifactorial development of illness. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect
- PMID 24518437
- SLC1A2 rs3794087 does not associate with essential tremor.
- Ross JP1, Rayaprolu S2, Bernales CQ1, Soto-Ortolaza AI2, van Gerpen J3, Uitti RJ3, Wszolek ZK3, Rajput A4, Rajput AH4, Rajput ML4, Ross OA2, Vilariño-Güell C5.
- Neurobiology of aging.Neurobiol Aging.2014 Apr;35(4):935.e9-10. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.022. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
- A recent genome-wide association study of patients with essential tremor (ET) from Germany has nominated SLC1A2 rs3794087 as a novel risk factor for disease. This association was independently replicated in the Chinese population, albeit with an opposite direction of effect. To further define the ro
- PMID 24139280
- An association between the reduced levels of SLC1A2 and GAD1 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depressive disorder: possible involvement of an attenuated RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
- Oh DH1, Oh D, Son H, Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Kim SH.
- Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996).J Neural Transm.2014 Mar 22. [Epub ahead of print]
- Previous human postmortem studies have shown that expression of glutamate transporters (SLC1A2 and SLC1A3) and gamma-aminobutyric acid-synthesizing enzyme [glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1)] are reduced in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) in subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD)
- PMID 24652383
Related Links
- This gene encodes a member of a family of solute transporter proteins. The membrane-bound protein is the principal transporter that clears the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate from the extracellular space at ...
- Complete information for SLC1A2 gene (protein-coding), solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards - The Human ...
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