Rhamnaceae

クロウメモドキ科

関

Rhamnus

　

WordNet

1. trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value (同)family Rhamnaceae, buckthorn family
2. type genus of the Rhamnaceae: buckthorns (同)genus Rhamnus

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/25 09:27:39」(JST)

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クロウメモドキ科
クマヤナギ Berchemia racemosa
分類
界 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 目 : バラ目 Rosales 科 : クロウメモドキ科 Rhamnaceae
学名
Rhamnaceae Juss.
シノニム
Frangulaceae DC. Phylicaceae J.Agardh Ziziphaceae Adans. ex Post & Kuntze
分布域

クロウメモドキ科（Rhamnaceae）はバラ目に属する双子葉植物の科の一つ。木本で、つる性のものも多い。約50属、870-900種を含み、よく知られるものではナツメがある。世界的に分布するが特に熱帯・亜熱帯に多い。

葉は単葉で托葉があり、托葉や枝に由来するとげをもつ属が多い。花は放射相称で、がく、花弁および雄蕊は5個（一部は4個）ある。花弁は緑色、黄色、白色などで小さく目立たないものが多いが、Ceanothus 属（セアノサス、アメリカ原産でカリフォルニアライラックとも呼ばれる）などは淡紅色や青色の花が密集して総状花序をなし、観賞用に栽培される。子房上位（一部下位）で胚珠は2-3個。果実は核果が多いが、翼状の堅果で風で飛ぶもの（ハマナツメ属など）もある。果実の核などの化石が始新世から多く見つかっている。

経済的に重要なものとしては果物・生薬として栽培されるナツメがある。そのほかケンポナシ（果柄が太くなる）やクマヤナギ（果実）なども食用にできるが栽培はほとんどされない。

セアノサス属は根粒にフランキア属の放線菌が共生して窒素固定を行う。

ケンポナシ（実の柄の部分が食べられる）

セアノサスCeanothus cuneatus

分類

• rhamnoids
  • Ventilagineae
    • Smythea Seem.
    • Ventilago Gaertn.
  • Maesopsideae
    • Maesopsis Engl.
  • Rhamneae クロウメモドキ連
    • Auerodendron Urb.
    • Berchemia Neck. ex DC. クマヤナギ属 - クマヤナギ
    • Berchemiella Nakai
    • Condalia Cav.
    • Frangula Mill.
    • Karwinskia Zucc.
    • Krugiodendron Urb.
    • Reynosia Griseb.
    • Rhamnella Miq. ネコノチチ属（Chaydaia属を含む）
    • Rhamnidium Reissek
    • Rhamnus L. クロウメモドキ属 - クロウメモドキ
    • Sageretia Brongn. クロイゲ属
    • Scutia (Comm. ex DC.) Brongn.
• ampeloziziphoids
  • Ampelozizipheae
    • Ampelozizyphus Ducke
  • Bathiorhamneae
    • Bathiorhamnus Capuron
  • Doerpfeldieae
    • Doerpfeldia Urb.
• ziziphoids
  • Gouanieae
    • Alvimiantha Grey-Wilson
    • Crumenaria Mart.
    • Gouania Jacq.
    • Helinus E.Mey. ex Endl.
    • Johnstonalia Tortosa (originally named Johnstonia; by some treated as Gouania)
    • Pleuranthodes Weberb.
    • Reissekia Endl.
  • Paliurieae ハマナツメ連
    • Hovenia Thunb. ケンポナシ属 - ケンポナシ
    • Paliurus Mill. ハマナツメ属
    • Ziziphus Mill. ナツメ属 - ナツメ
  • Phyliceae
    • Nesiota† Hook.f.
    • Noltea Rchb.
    • Phylica L.
    • Trichocephalus Brogn.
  • Colletieae
    • Adolphia Meisn.
    • Colletia Comm. ex Juss.
    • Discaria Hook.
    • Kentrothamnus Suess. & Overkott
    • Ochetophila Poepp. ex Reissek
    • Retanilla (DC.) Brongn.
    • Trevoa Miers ex Hook.（Talguenea 属を含む）
  • Pomaderreae
    • Blackallia C.A.Gardner
    • Cryptandra Sm.
    • Papistylus Kellermann, Rye & K.R.Thiele
    • Polianthon K.R.Thiele
    • Pomaderris Labill.
    • Serichonus K.R.Thiele
    • Siegfriedia C.A.Gardner
    • Spyridium Fenzl
    • Stenanthemum Reissek
    • Trymalium Fenzl
  • incertae sedis
    • Ceanothus L. セアノサス属
    • Araracuara Fern.Alonso
    • Schistocarpaea F.Muell.
    • Lasiodiscus Hook.f.
    • Emmenosperma F.Muell.
    • Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn. ヤエヤマハマナツメ属（Hybosperma 属を含む）
    • Alphitonia Endl.
    • Granitites Rye

系統

次のような系統樹が得られている。

クロウメモドキ科	rhamnoids   Ventilagineae     Maesopsideae   クロウメモドキ連   ampeloziziphoids   Bathiorhamneae     Ampelozizypheae   Doerpfeldieae ziziphoids   Gouanieae     ハマナツメ連     Colletieae     Phyliceae   Pomaderreae

脚注

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Buckthorn family
Rhamnus pumila Turra
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rhamnaceae Juss.
Type genus
Rhamnus L.
Genera
See text.
The range of Rhamnaceae.
Synonyms
Frangulaceae DC. Phylicaceae J.Agardh Ziziphaceae Adans. ex Post & Kuntze

Rhamnaceae is a large family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs, and some vines, commonly called the buckthorn family.

The family contains 50–60 genera and approximately 870–900 species. Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions. The earliest fossil evidence of Rhamnaceae is from the Eocene.

Leaves of Rhamnaceae family members are simple, i.e., the leaf blades are not divided into smaller leaflets. Leaves can be either alternate and spiraling, or opposite. Stipules are present. These leaves are modified into spines in many genera, in some (e.g. Paliurus spina-christi and Colletia cruciata) spectacularly so. Colletia stands out by having two axillary buds instead of one, one developing into a thorn, the other one into a shoot.

Flowers of Ceanothus cuneatus

Bisexual flower of Helinus, with five sepals and petals, and a yellow, annular nectary disk. The small, clawed petals embrace the stamens.

Flowers of Ziziphus mucronata

Flowers of Rhamnus saxatilis

The flowers are radially symmetrical. There are 5 (sometimes 4) separate sepals and 5 (sometimes 4 or none) separate petals. The petals may be white, yellowish, greenish, pink or blue, and are small and inconspicuous in most genera, though in some (e.g. Ceanothus) the dense clusters of flowers are conspicuous. The 5 or 4 stamens are opposite the petals. The ovary is superior, with 2 or 3 ovules (or one by abortion).

The fruits are mostly berries, fleshy drupes or nuts. Some are adapted to wind carriage, but most are dispersed by mammals and birds. Chinese jujube is the fruit of the jujube tree (Ziziphus zizyphus) and is a major fruit in China.

The American genus Ceanothus, which has several showy ornamental species, has nitrogen-fixing root nodules.

Economic uses of Rhamnaceae are chiefly as ornamental plants and as the source of many brilliant green and yellow dyes. The wood of Rhamnus was also the most favoured species to make charcoal for use in gunpowder before the development of modern propellants.

Genera

Tribe Ampelozizipheae Ampelozizyphus Ducke Tribe Bathiorhamneae Bathiorhamnus Capuron Tribe Colletieae Adolphia Meisn. Colletia Comm. ex Juss. Discaria Hook. Kentrothamnus Suess. & Overkott Ochetophila Poepp. ex Reissek Retanilla (DC.) Brongn. Trevoa Miers ex Hook. Tribe Doerpfeldieae Doerpfeldia Urb. Tribe Gouanieae Alvimiantha Grey-Wilson Crumenaria Mart. Gouania Jacq. Helinus E.Mey. ex Endl. Johnstonalia Tortosa (originally named Johnstonia; by some treated as Gouania) Pleuranthodes Weberb. Reissekia Endl. Tribe Maesopsideae Maesopsis Engl. Tribe Paliureae Hovenia Thunb. Paliurus Mill. Ziziphus Mill. Tribe Phyliceae Nesiota† Hook.f. Noltea Rchb. Phylica L. Trichocephalus Brogn. Tribe Pomaderreae Blackallia C.A.Gardner Cryptandra Sm. Papistylus Kellermann, Rye & K.R.Thiele Polianthon K.R.Thiele Pomaderris Labill. Serichonus K.R.Thiele Siegfriedia C.A.Gardner Spyridium Fenzl Stenanthemum Reissek Trymalium Fenzl

Tribe Rhamneae Auerodendron Urb. Berchemia Neck. ex DC. Berchemiella Nakai Condalia Cav. Frangula Mill. Karwinskia Zucc. Krugiodendron Urb. Reynosia Griseb. Rhamnella Miq. Rhamnidium Reissek Rhamnus L. Sageretia Brongn. Scutia (Comm. ex DC.) Brongn. Tribe Ventilagineae Smythea Seem. Ventilago Gaertn. Incertae sedis Alphitonia Endl. (close to Colubrina) Araracuara Fern.Alonso Ceanothus L. (close to Pomaderreae) Chaydaia Pit. (by some treated as Rhamnella) Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn. Emmenosperma F.Muell. (close to Colubrina) Granitites Rye (close to either Alphitonia or Pomaderris) Hybosperma Urb. (by some treated as Colubrina) Lasiodiscus Hook.f. Schistocarpaea F.Muell. (maybe belonging to Colletieae) Talguenea Miers ex Endl. (by some treated as Trevoa)

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics recommend the following clade-based classification of Rhamnaceae:

Rhamnaceae

Ampeloziziphoids Ventilago Bathiorhamnus Ampelozizyphus Doerpfeldia Rhamnoids Maesopsis Scutia Rhamnus Frangula Sageretia Berchemia Rhamnidium Rhamnella Reynosia Krugiodendron Karwinskia Condalia Ziziphoids Schistocarpeia Hovenia Ziziphus Paliurus Gouania Helinus Pleuranthodes Crumenaria Reissekia Lasiodiscus Colubrina Emmenosperma Noltea Trichocephalus Nesiota Phylica Granitites Alphitonia Colletieae Adolphia Trevoa Discaria Kentrothamnus Colletia Retanilla Ceanothus Pomaderreae Siegfriedia Cryptandra Stenanthemum Trymalium Pomaderris Spyridium

References

External links

• Rhamnaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF

English Journal

• Identification and characterization of ten new water gaps in seeds and fruits with physical dormancy and classification of water-gap complexes.

• Gama-Arachchige NS, Baskin JM, Geneve RL, Baskin CC.SourceDepartment of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
• Annals of botany.Ann Bot.2013 May 5. [Epub ahead of print]
• Background and AimsPhysical dormancy (PY) occurs in seeds or fruits of 18 angiosperm families and is caused by a water-impermeable palisade cell layer(s) in seed or fruit coats. Prior to germination, the seed or fruit coat of species with PY must become permeable in order to imbibe water. Breaking o
• PMID 23649182

• Flavonoids and saponins from Zizyphus incurva.

• Devkota HP, Watanabe T, Yahara S.Sourcea Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi , Kumamoto 862-0973 , Japan.
• Natural product research.Nat Prod Res.2013 Apr;27(8):697-701. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2012.691489. Epub 2012 May 25.
• A new flavonol triglycoside, myricetin-3-O-[β-xylopyranosyl-(1-2)-α-rhamnopyranoside]-4'-O-α -rhamnopyranoside, named as bayarin (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Zizyphus incurva Roxb. (Rhamnaceae) along with eight known compounds: six flavonoids and two saponins. All of these compounds
• PMID 22624955

• Leaf mechanisms for drought resistance in Zizyphus jujuba trees.

• Cruz ZN, Rodríguez P, Galindo A, Torrecillas E, Ondoño S, Mellisho CD, Torrecillas A.SourceDpto. Fisiología y Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA), Ctra. de Tapaste, km 3.5, San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.
• Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology.Plant Sci.2012 Dec;197:77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.006. Epub 2012 Sep 23.
• No information exists on the mechanisms developed at the level of leaf water relations by pear-jujube trees (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) to confront drought. For this reason, the purpose of the present study was to analyse its leaf water relations in order to clarify the resistance mechanisms (avoidance
• PMID 23116674

Japanese Journal

• 長崎県におけるハマナツメの分布と生態

• 長崎県生物学会誌 (77), 5-7, 2015-12
• NAID 40020703657

• Triterpeniod and Phenolic Constituents from the Twigs of Rhamnus crenata

• 生薬學雜誌 69(1), 18-19, 2015-02-20
• NAID 110009908043

• Effect of Scutia buxifolia Reissek in nucleotidase activities and inhibition of platelet aggregation

• Journal of natural medicines 69(1), 46-54, 2015
• NAID 40020304954

Related Links

• Rhamnaceae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rhamnaceae, the Buckthorn family, are a large family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs and some vines. The family contains 50-60 genera and approximately 870-900 species. Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more ...

• 棗@∠(ﾟДﾟ)／ｲｪｪｪｶﾞｧ!! (Rhamnaceae) on Twitter

The latest from 棗@∠(ﾟДﾟ)／ｲｪｪｪｶﾞｧ!! (@Rhamnaceae). ◇由良 棗(なつめ)◇詳細 はツイプロ◇私の双子！@akoh_ahj◇現在受験中なんで1014年3月4月あたりに再び 会おう！きっとまだソウルメイトさ！. 言うなれば古に伝わりし新潟.

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リンク元	「Rhamnus」「クロウメモドキ科」

「Rhamnus」

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クロウメモドキ属、ラムヌス属、Rhamnus属

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Rhamnaceae

　

「クロウメモドキ科」

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Rhamnaceae

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クロウメモドキ属