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- a genus of Trypetidae (同)genus Rhagoletis
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/07 21:36:14」(JST)
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| Apple maggot |
|
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Phylum: |
Arthropoda |
| Class: |
Insecta |
| Order: |
Diptera |
| Section: |
Schizophora |
| Subsection: |
Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: |
Tephritoidea |
| Family: |
Tephritidae |
| Genus: |
Rhagoletis |
| Species: |
R. pomonella |
| Binomial name |
Rhagoletis pomonella
(Walsh, 1867) |
| Synonyms |
- Trypeta albiscutellata Harris, 1835
- Trypeta pomonella Walsh, 1867
|
The apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella), also known as railroad worm, is a pest of several fruits, mainly apples. Before the arrival of apples from Europe,[arrival where?] it was found mainly in hawthorns.
The adult form of this insect is about 5 mm (0.2 inch) long, slightly smaller than a house fly, with a white dot on its thorax and a characteristic black banding shaped like an "F" on its wings. When threatened it turns its wings 90 degrees and moves them up and down whilst walking sideways; the combination mimics the appearance of it being a spider due to the wing pattern in the new position appearing as additional legs. The larva, which is the stage of this insect's life cycle that causes the actual damage to the fruit, is similar to a typical fly larva or maggot. Other "worms," especially the larvae of the codling moth, that infest the insides of apples are often confused with the apple maggot. Generally speaking, however caterpillars often feed in the apple’s core while apple maggots feed on the fruit flesh. In infested fruit, the larvae are often difficult to detect due to their pale, cream colour and small body size. The maggot stage has many enemies, including several braconid wasps: Utetes canaliculatus, Diachasmimorpha mellea, and Diachasma alloeum.
The adult stage lays its eggs inside the fruit. The young "worm" that hatches consumes the fruit (rarely will the larva leave the fruit while it is still hanging on the tree), and causes it to bruise and decay and finally drop before ripening. The insect overwinters as a pupa in the soil. It only emerges after metamorphosis into a relatively defenseless fly. It uses batesian mimicry as a method of defense - its coloration resembles that of the forelegs and pedipalps of a jumping spider (family Salticidae).[1] Adults emerge from late June through September, with their peak flight occurring in August.
Evolution
Rhagoletis pomonella is significant evolutionarily in that the race of this species that feeds on apples spontaneously emerged from the hawthorn feeding race in the 1800 - 1850 AD time frame after apples were introduced into North America. The apple feeding race does not now normally feed on hawthorns and the hawthorn feeding race does not now normally feed on apples. This constitutes a possible example of an early step towards the emergence of a new species, a case of sympatric speciation.[2]
The emergence of the apple race of Rhagoletis pomonella also appears to have driven formation of new races among its parasites.[3]
Notes and references
- ^ Ricklefs, Robert E. and Gary L. Miller (2000). Ecology. W.H. Freeman and Company.
- ^ Feder, J. L. (1998) The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella: flies in the face of conventional wisdom about speciation? In Howard, D. J. & Berlocher, S. H. (Eds.) Endless Forms: Species and Speciation. New York, Oxford University Press.
- ^ Forbes, A.A., L.L. Stelinski, T.H.Q. Powell, J.J. Smith and J.L. Feder. 2009. Sequential sympatric speciation across trophic levels. Science 323: 776-779.
External links
- Popular Account Bugs of Wormy Apples, Part 2 Copyright © 1999 by Louise Kulzer
- Ohio State University Fact Sheet
- Apple Maggot Fly Traps - Ladd Research
- apply maggot fly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
By: John Abraham
English Journal
- Ecological adaptation and reproductive isolation in sympatry: genetic and phenotypic evidence for native host races of Rhagoletis pomonella.
- Powell TH1, Forbes AA, Hood GR, Feder JL.
- Molecular ecology.Mol Ecol.2014 Feb;23(3):688-704. doi: 10.1111/mec.12635.
- Ecological speciation with gene flow may be an important mode of diversification for phytophagous insects. The recent shift of Rhagoletis pomonella from its native host downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to introduced apple (Malus domestica) in the northeastern United States is a classic example of s
- PMID 24351094
- Molecular species identification of cryptic apple and snowberry maggots (Diptera: tephritidae) in Western and central washington.
- Green E1, Almskaar K, Sim SB, Arcella T, Yee WL, Feder JL, Schwarz D.
- Environmental entomology.Environ Entomol.2013 Oct;42(5):1100-9. doi: 10.1603/EN13038.
- In Washington state, identification of the quarantine apple pest Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is complicated by the presence of the cryptic species Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae). Distinguishing the two flies is important because there is a zero tolerance policy for R. pomonella in
- PMID 24331621
- Genetic divergence along the speciation continuum: the transition from host race to species in rhagoletis (Diptera: tephritidae).
- Powell TH1, Hood GR, Murphy MO, Heilveil JS, Berlocher SH, Nosil P, Feder JL.
- Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.Evolution.2013 Sep;67(9):2561-76. doi: 10.1111/evo.12209. Epub 2013 Jul 29.
- Studies of related populations varying in their degrees of reproductive isolation can provide insights into speciation. Here, the transition from partially isolated host races to more fully separated sibling species is investigated by comparing patterns of genetic differentiation between recently ev
- PMID 24033167
Japanese Journal
- Natural selection and sympatric divergence in the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella
- A field test for host plant dependent selection on larvae of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella
- The population genetics of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella and the snowberry maggot, R. zephyria : implications for models of sympatric speciation
- FEDER J. L.
- Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 90, 9-24, 1999
- NAID 30013297112
Related Links
- common name: apple maggot scientific name: Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) Introduction - Synonym - Distribution - Description - Life History and Habits - Hosts - Damage - Management - Selected ...
- Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Noun 1. Rhagoletis pomonella - larvae bore into and feed on apples apple maggot, railroad worm fruit fly, pomace fly - any of numerous small insects whose larvae feed on fruits ...
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